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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,

Index

HEDH
A B C D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Fluidized Beds

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000148

2.2 SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW
2.2.6 Fluidized beds

A. Fluidization principle

(a) Types of fluidization

In a fluidized bed the solid particles are carried by an up-flowing fluid (gas or liquid). The weight of the particles is balanced by the force which is exerted by the fluid flow on the particles. The bed as a whole shows a liquid-like behavior.

At low flow rate the fluid percolates the voids of the solids bed without changing the bed structure. The void fraction of the bed ε, i.e. the bed porosity, does not depend on the fluid flow rate, and thus remains constant. This operating mode is called fixed bed (Figure 1a). The particles are resting on a plate which is only permeable to the gas. An increase in the flow rate, and thereby in the forces exerted by the fluid on the solid material, results in individual particles beginning to move within narrowly bounded regions, whereas the majority of the particles remain in permanent contact as a fixed bed. With a further increase in the throughput of fluid, a situation is reached where the particles are not in permanent contact with one another and are supported by the fluid. In this state, the fluid pressure drop measured between two horizontal reference planes is in equilibrium with the weight, per unit bed cross sectional area of the solid and fluid contained between these planes. The bed has now attained fluidization (see Figure 1b) and is characterized by the voidage εmf and the height hmf. The corresponding superficial gas velocity is called minimum fluidization velocity umf.

Figure 1 Forms of fluidized beds

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