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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
in boiling outside single horizontal tubes,
in boiling in horizontal tubes,
in combined free and forced convection in pipes
in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
in condensation-forming immiscible liquids,
in fluidized beds
in gas-liquid flow,
in helical coils of rectangular cross section,
influence of free convection on, in horizontal pipe flow,
in liquid-liquid flow
in liquid-liquid-gas flow,
in natural convection in enclosures,
in single-phase flow in tube banks,
in single-phase flow over immersed bodies:
in single phase flow in annular channel with rotating inner surface,
in solid-gas flow,
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
in boiling outside single horizontal tubes,
in boiling in horizontal tubes,
in combined free and forced convection in pipes
in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
in condensation-forming immiscible liquids,
in fluidized beds
in gas-liquid flow,
in helical coils of rectangular cross section,
influence of free convection on, in horizontal pipe flow,
in liquid-liquid flow
in liquid-liquid-gas flow,
in natural convection in enclosures,
in single-phase flow in tube banks,
in single-phase flow over immersed bodies:
in single phase flow in annular channel with rotating inner surface,
in solid-gas flow,
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
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Liquid-Liquid Flow
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000157
2.3 MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
2.3.5 Liquid-liquid two-phase flow
Neima Brauner
A. General description of liquid-liquid flows: Flow patterns
Flows of mixtures of two immiscible liquids are encountered frequently in the design of industrial processes and equipment. The two liquids are almost exclusively an aqueous phase (water) and an organic (oil) phase. Gas-liquid systems actually represent a very particular extreme of two-fluid systems characterized by low-density ratio and low viscosity ratio. In liquid-liquid systems the density contrast between the phases is low. However, the oil phase may be lighter or heavier than the aqueous phase. Hence, the viscosity ratio between the lighter and heavier liquids ranges between more than a million to less than 10–6. Oils and oil-water emulsions may show a Newtonian or non-Newtonian rheological behavior (Sherman, 1968 and Schramm, 1992). Therefore, the various concepts and results experienced in gas-liquid two-phase flows cannot be readily translated to liquid-liquid systems.
(a) Flow patterns in horizontal tubes
Diverse flow patterns were observed in liquid-liquid systems (Russell and Charles, 1959; Russell et al., 1959; Charles et al., 1961a; Charles et al., 1961b; Guzhov and Medvedev, 1971; Guzhov et al., 1973; Guzhov et al., 1974; Soot, 1971; Malinowsky, 1975; Laflin and Oglesby, 1976; Oglesby, 1979; Scott, 1985; Arirachakaran et al., 1989; Cox, 1986; Valle and Utvik, 1997; Valle and Kvandal, 1995; Trallero, 1995; Angeli, 1996; Tabeling et al., 1991; Nädler, 1995; Mewes et al., 1997; Andreini et al., 1997; Hapanowicz et al., 1997). These may be classified into four basic prototypes:
- Stratified layers with either smooth or wavy interface.
- Large slugs, elongated or spherical, of one liquid in the other.
- A dispersion of relatively fine drops of one liquid in the other.
- Annular flow, where one of the liquids forms the core and the other liquid flows in the annulus.
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