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Taborek, J, xlv-lvi Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows, Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures, Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method, Taylor series expansion, Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement: TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association): Temperature distribution: Tenders for heat exchangers, Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization, Testing and inspection of heat exchangers: Tetrabromomethane: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane: Tetrachloroethylene: Tetradecane: Tetradecene: Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112): 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a): Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14): Tetrahydrofuran: 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene: Thermal conductivity: Thermal contact conductance (TCC), Thermal contact resistance (TCR), Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Thermal diffusivity: Thermal expansion coefficient: Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers, Thermal stress: Thermocal, heat transfer media, Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration, Thermodynamic properties: Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer, Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling, Thermofluids, heat transfer medium, Thermosiphon Theta-NTU method: Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature), Thin-wall-type expansion bellows, Thiophene: Thome, J R Three-phase flows: Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Titanium and titanium alloys, T-junctions, loss coefficients in, Tolerances Toluene: m-Toluidine: Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating, Tooth, A S, Total emissivity in gases, Transcendental equations in transient conduction, Transient behavior: Transition boiling: Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in, Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection, Transmission of thermal radiation in solids: Transmissivity of solids: Transport properties: Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in, Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer, Triangular duct: Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers, Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow, Tribromomethane: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a): Trichloroethylene: Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20): 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113): Tridecane: Tridecene: Triethylamine: 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a): Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23): Trimethylamine: 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene: 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane): Triphenylmethane: Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid), True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers, Truelove, J S, Tsotsas, E Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers, Tube banks, finned: Tube banks, plain: Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in, Tube bundles: Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube inserts, heat exchangers with, Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of, Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tubes: Tucker, R J, Tunnel dryer, Turbine exhaust condensers: Turbines, lost work in Turbulence: Turbulent boundary layers: Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration, Turbulent energy, integral equation for, Turbulent flow: Turnarounds, in heat exchangers, Turner, C W, Twisted tapes: Twisted tube heat exchangers, Twisted tubes Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Two-phase loop with capillary pump, Two-phase flows:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
Taborek, J, xlv-lvi Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows, Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures, Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method, Taylor series expansion, Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement: TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association): Temperature distribution: Tenders for heat exchangers, Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization, Testing and inspection of heat exchangers: Tetrabromomethane: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane: Tetrachloroethylene: Tetradecane: Tetradecene: Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112): 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a): Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14): Tetrahydrofuran: 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene: Thermal conductivity: Thermal contact conductance (TCC), Thermal contact resistance (TCR), Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Thermal diffusivity: Thermal expansion coefficient: Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers, Thermal stress: Thermocal, heat transfer media, Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration, Thermodynamic properties: Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer, Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling, Thermofluids, heat transfer medium, Thermosiphon Theta-NTU method: Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature), Thin-wall-type expansion bellows, Thiophene: Thome, J R Three-phase flows: Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Titanium and titanium alloys, T-junctions, loss coefficients in, Tolerances Toluene: m-Toluidine: Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating, Tooth, A S, Total emissivity in gases, Transcendental equations in transient conduction, Transient behavior: Transition boiling: Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in, Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection, Transmission of thermal radiation in solids: Transmissivity of solids: Transport properties: Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in, Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer, Triangular duct: Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers, Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow, Tribromomethane: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a): Trichloroethylene: Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20): 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113): Tridecane: Tridecene: Triethylamine: 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a): Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23): Trimethylamine: 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene: 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane): Triphenylmethane: Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid), True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers, Truelove, J S, Tsotsas, E Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers, Tube banks, finned: Tube banks, plain: Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in, Tube bundles: Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube inserts, heat exchangers with, Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of, Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tubes: Tucker, R J, Tunnel dryer, Turbine exhaust condensers: Turbines, lost work in Turbulence: Turbulent boundary layers: Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration, Turbulent energy, integral equation for, Turbulent flow: Turnarounds, in heat exchangers, Turner, C W, Twisted tapes: Twisted tube heat exchangers, Twisted tubes Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Two-phase loop with capillary pump, Two-phase flows:
U V W X Y Z

Liquid-Liquid Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000157

2.3 MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
2.3.5 Liquid-liquid two-phase flow

A. General description of liquid-liquid flows: Flow patterns

Flows of mixtures of two immiscible liquids are encountered frequently in the design of industrial processes and equipment. The two liquids are almost exclusively an aqueous phase (water) and an organic (oil) phase. Gas-liquid systems actually represent a very particular extreme of two-fluid systems characterized by low-density ratio and low viscosity ratio. In liquid-liquid systems the density contrast between the phases is low. However, the oil phase may be lighter or heavier than the aqueous phase. Hence, the viscosity ratio between the lighter and heavier liquids ranges between more than a million to less than 10–6. Oils and oil-water emulsions may show a Newtonian or non-Newtonian rheological behavior (Sherman, 1968 and Schramm, 1992). Therefore, the various concepts and results experienced in gas-liquid two-phase flows cannot be readily translated to liquid-liquid systems.

(a) Flow patterns in horizontal tubes

Diverse flow patterns were observed in liquid-liquid systems (Russell and Charles, 1959; Russell et al., 1959; Charles et al., 1961a; Charles et al., 1961b; Guzhov and Medvedev, 1971; Guzhov et al., 1973; Guzhov et al., 1974; Soot, 1971; Malinowsky, 1975; Laflin and Oglesby, 1976; Oglesby, 1979; Scott, 1985; Arirachakaran et al., 1989; Cox, 1986; Valle and Utvik, 1997; Valle and Kvandal, 1995; Trallero, 1995; Angeli, 1996; Tabeling et al., 1991; Nädler, 1995; Mewes et al., 1997; Andreini et al., 1997; Hapanowicz et al., 1997). These may be classified into four basic prototypes:

  1. Stratified layers with either smooth or wavy interface.

  2. Large slugs, elongated or spherical, of one liquid in the other.

  3. A dispersion of relatively fine drops of one liquid in the other.

  4. Annular flow, where one of the liquids forms the core and the other liquid flows in the annulus.

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