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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
application in enhancement of boiling heat transfer, as augmentation devices, on cylinders in tube banks: pressure drop in, description of types, effect on flow over cylinders, free convective heat transfer from, longitudinal (straight): application in double-pipe heat low finned tubes: applications in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, radiating, single-phase forced convective heat transfer to banks of tubes with, thermal contact resistance with,
Thermal Contact Resistance (TCR)/Thermal Contact Conductance (TCC)
types, in heat exchangers,
Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
application in enhancement of boiling heat transfer, as augmentation devices, on cylinders in tube banks: pressure drop in, description of types, effect on flow over cylinders, free convective heat transfer from, longitudinal (straight): application in double-pipe heat low finned tubes: applications in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, radiating, single-phase forced convective heat transfer to banks of tubes with, thermal contact resistance with,
Thermal Contact Resistance (TCR)/Thermal Contact Conductance (TCC)
types, in heat exchangers,
Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F Fins (see also Extended surfaces): thermal contact resistance with,
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Thermal Contact Resistance (TCR)/Thermal Contact Conductance (TCC)

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000164

2.4.6 Thermal contact resistance (TCR) / thermal contact conductance (TCC)

H. J. Sauer, Jr. and J. W. Sheffield

A. Introduction

When two similar or dissimilar solid materials at different temperatures are brought into contact, energy is transferred across the interface of contact. If the two surfaces could be obtained free of contamination and brought into perfect contact without any gaps at the interface, the resistance to the flow of heat would be negligible. However, this condition is not one obtainable in practice. Hard surfaces, including metals, even when highly polished and apparently flat, show appreciable contact resistance to heat flow. This resistance is caused by a lack of complete contact between the mating surfaces: i.e., when two surfaces are pressed together, contact is actually made only at a few discrete points due to the individual surface roughness and microscopic asperities, as illustrated in Figure 1. As the interface is approached, heat flux lines tend to converge to the direct solid-to-solid contact points since this path offers less resistance than the gaps which may be filled with air or evacuated. The result is the formation of a temperature discontinuity at the interface.

Figure 1 Imperfect mating of contacting solid surfaces

For metal surfaces, the solid-to-solid contact area between the surfaces is generally a small fraction of the apparent area over which they meet. The direct contact area may be less than 1 percent of the total and generally exceeds 10 percent only when bonding agents or surface enhancements are used. When the pressure on the contact is increased, the peaks in contact will deform and the contact points will increase in both size and number. For dissimilar metals, the irregularities of the softer surface may undergo full plastic deformation while the peaks of the harder metal embed in the softer.

Thermal contact resistance (TCR) is defined as

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