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Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers: Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J, Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:
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Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000174

2.5.7 Free convection around immersed bodies

A difference in temperature between the surface of a body and the surrounding, unconfined fluid produces a gradient in density, which in turn generates fluid motion. This motion increases the rate of heat transfer between the body and the fluid over that corresponding to pure thermal conduction. The process of motion and heat transfer due to such motion is called free convection.

A difference in composition between the surface of the body and the surrounding fluid may also produce a gradient in density, hence fluid motion and enhanced transfer of species (mass transfer). Insofar as the net transfer of mass from the surface is small relative to the mass rate of flow, the rate of transfer of species can be inferred from the results herein for heat transfer. When a difference in temperature and a difference in composition both occur, the rates of heat and species transfer are affected by both differences.

Free convection may also occur as a result of other potential differences, such as surface tension and magnetic fields, but such special processes will not be considered here. Combined free and forced convection is discussed in Section 176 and Section 177.

A well established theory has been developed for free convection in the laminar boundary-layer regime. It provides a priori predictions and a fundamental structure for the correlation of experimental results. The development of computing facilities and techniques has led to numerical solutions for even a wider range of flow and conditions within the laminar regime. Even so, many problems of intrinsic and practical interest remain unresolved.

The theory of turbulent free convection is less well established. Numerical solutions based on eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat transfer are currently at a critical stage of development, and results of increasing reliability and extent are to be expected.

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