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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes:
in boiling outside single horizontal tubes, in boiling in horizontal tubes, in combined free and forced convection in pipes
Combined Free and Forced Convection in Passages
in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies, in condensation-forming immiscible liquids, in fluidized beds in gas-liquid flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, influence of free convection on, in horizontal pipe flow, in liquid-liquid flow in liquid-liquid-gas flow, in natural convection in enclosures, in single-phase flow in tube banks, in single-phase flow over immersed bodies: in single phase flow in annular channel with rotating inner surface, in solid-gas flow,
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F
F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes:
in boiling outside single horizontal tubes, in boiling in horizontal tubes, in combined free and forced convection in pipes
Combined Free and Forced Convection in Passages
in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies, in condensation-forming immiscible liquids, in fluidized beds in gas-liquid flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, influence of free convection on, in horizontal pipe flow, in liquid-liquid flow in liquid-liquid-gas flow, in natural convection in enclosures, in single-phase flow in tube banks, in single-phase flow over immersed bodies: in single phase flow in annular channel with rotating inner surface, in solid-gas flow,
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F Flow regimes: in combined free and forced convection in pipes
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Combined Free and Forced Convection in Passages

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000177

2.5.10 Combined free and forced convection in passages

J. D. Jackson

General introduction

The term “combined forced and free convection” is used to describe the process of heat transfer in fluids where the flow field is modified significantly by the action of non-uniformity of gravitational body force as a consequence of the temperature dependence of fluid density. The influence of free convection is usually thought of in terms of the concept of fluid buoyancy. Another term commonly used to describe heat transfer under such conditions is “mixed convection”.

The effectiveness of heat transfer by forced convection as characterised by the Nusselt number NuF depends on Reynolds number and Prandtl number. In the case of free convection the corresponding parameter NuN depends on Grashof number and Prandtl number. Thus, for combined free and forced it is not surprising that Nusselt number depends on Reynolds number, Grashof number and Prandtl number.

In the early studies of convective heat transfer the forced and free convection modes were considered independently with only passing reference being made to any possible interaction between them. When combined free and forced convection did eventually begin to be investigated, attention was at first restricted to laminar and transitional flows. Later, it became clear that measurable influences of free convection could also be present in turbulent flows and that in some circumstances they were a dominant factor in determining the effectiveness of heat transfer under such conditions.

In the following review of combined free and forced convection in passages, attention is focussed on heat transfer in vertical and horizontal pipes. Clearly, the orientation of the pipe is an important parameter under conditions of buoyancy-influenced convective heat transfer. In the vertical case, the flow can be either aided by buoyancy (upward flow in a pipe with heating/ downward flow with cooling) or opposed by buoyancy (downward flow in a pipe with heating/upward flow with cooling). In the horizontal case buoyancy causes secondary, transverse motion to be superimposed on the axial flow. If a horizontal pipe is heated, the fluid tends to have an upward component of velocity over the sides and a downward component in the central region and the secondary flow pattern takes the form of two counterrotating vortices. Cooling, rather than heating, produces similar buoyancy-induced secondary circulation but with rotation in the opposite sense.

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