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transfer media,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
Saddle supports, for heat exchangers, Safety factors, Safety, of heat exchangers: Salicyl aldehyde: Salts, heat transfer, as heat transfer media, Sand roughness, equivalent, Santotherm, heat transfer media, Sastri and Rao correlation for surface tension, Saturated boiling: Saturated density: Saturated fluids, tables of physical properties, Saturation pressure, Saturation temperature, Saunders, E A D Sauer, H J Jr, Scale formation in heat exchangers, Scaling approximations, in nonisothermal gas radiation, Scattering bed models, for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Scattering, interaction phenomena with, Scattering coefficient, Schack wide-band model, for gas radiation properties, Schick and Prausnitz method, for critical volume of mixtures, Schlunder, E U Schmidt, F W Schmidt correlation, for heat transfer in in-line banks of high fin tubes, Schmidt number, Schneider, G E, Schrock and Grossman correlations, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Schunk, M Schwier, K, Scraped surfaces: Scaling devices, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Seawater physical properties, Seider-Tate equation, for heat transfer in heat exchangers, Selection of heat transfer equipment: Semiconductors, thermal conductivity, Separated flow model: Separation, exergy analysis for, Separators, for use in association with evaporators, Series solutions, for one-dimensional transient conduction, Serrated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Shah correlation for boiling, Shah correlation, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Shape factor, in radiative heat transfer between diffuse surfaces, Shear flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, Shear free flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, Shear rate, in fluid, Shear stress: Sheffield, J W, Shelf dryer, Shell-and-tube heat exchanger: Shell-to-baffle clearance, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Shells, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Sherwood number Shipes, K V, Short-tube vertical evaporator, Sigma phase embrittlement, of stainless steels, Silicate scales, in heat exchangers, Silicone oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, Silver method, for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Similarity theory, Simonis, V, Single-phase fluid flow: Single stage flash evaporation (SSF): Singularities, two-phase gas-liquid pressure drop across, Sink, in radiation: Skid-mounted units, specification of, Skin friction coefficient, Skrinska, A, Slab: Sleeves, internal, for expansion bellows, Slot: Slug flow: Slugging, in fluidized beds, Smith, A A, Smith, R, Smith, R A Smith, O, Snell's law, in radiation, Software, for code design, Solar absorber, Solar reflector, Soldered fins, in double pipe exchangers, Solid fuels, properties of, Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, Solid-gas flow: Solid-liquid flow: Solidification: Solids: Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, Soot blowing, Sound velocity: Source, in radiation: Spacers, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Spalding, D B, Sparging: Specific enthalpy, Specific entropy: Specific heat capacity, Specific internal energy, Specific volume: Specification of heat exchangers, Spectral absorptivity: Spectral emissivity, in gases, Specular surface, Specular-walled passages, radiative heat transfer in, Spheres: Spherical coordinates, for finite difference equations for conduction, Spherical shells: Spheroids (oblate and prolate), free convective heat transfer from, Spine fins: Spiral heat exchanger: Spirally fluted tubes: Sponge rubber balls, in fouling mitigation, Spray dryers, Sprays, in heat exchangers, Square ducts: Stable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, Staggered tube banks: Stainless steels, Stanton number Startup: State diagram, for fluidized beds, Static mixers, in heat exchangers, Statically stable foams, Steam, dropwise condensation of, Steam tables, Steam turbine exhaust condensers, Steels, as material of construction, Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Stefan's law, for blackbody radiation, Stegmaier, W, Steiner and Taborek correlation, for forced convective boiling, Stephan and Korner correlation, for boiling of binary mixtures, Stiffeners, PD5500 code guidelines for, Stiffeners, against external pressure, EN13445 guidance on, Stirred beds, heat transfer to, Stirred reactor model, for furnaces, Stone's strongly implicit method, Straight fins (longitudinal fins): Stratified gas-liquid flow: Stratified liquid-liquid-gas flow: Steam analysis methods, for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Stress, compressive, in heat exchanger tubes, Stress corrosion cracking, of stainless steels, Stress equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Stress-strain curve, for solids, Stress tensor: Stresses: Strip baffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Strouhal number, Subchannel analysis, for critical heat flux in rod bundles, Subcooled boiling: Subcooling: Sublayer, viscous, Submerged combustion, Successive over-under relaxation method for solution of implicit equations, Suction: Suction line exchangers in refrigeration, Sulfur: Sulfur compounds (organic): Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur hexafluoride: Sulfur trioxide: Supercritical fluids: Superficial velocity, in multiphase flow, Superheated gases: Superheated liquid, in metastable state, Superheated vapor, condensation of, on vertical surface, Supersaturation, as cause of fogging in condensers: Suppression of nucleate boiling, Surface catalysis, in augmentation of heat transfer, Surface condensers, Surface finish: Surface, hydraulically smooth, Surface material, effect on fouling, Surface models, in radiative heat transfer, Surface modification for drag reduction, Surface temperature, effect on fouling, Surface tension: Surfactants, in drag reduction, Suspension, radiation interaction phenomena in, Sutherland formula, for viscosity variation with temperature, Sutterby fluid (non-Newtonian), free convective heat transfer to, Swirling flow, in augmentation of heat transfer, Synthetic heat transfer media, Synthetic mixture heat transfer media,
T U V W X Y Z

Heat Transfer for non-Newtonian Fluids

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000179

2.5.12 Heat transfer for non-Newtonian fluids

A. Introduction

(by R. C. Armstrong and H. H. Winter)

Section 179 describes ways in which heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluids is different from that in Newtonian fluids. As polymers constitute the largest class of non-Newtonian fluids, we shall focus our attention on them. Moreover, we shall focus on differences in heat transfer characteristics between Newtonian and polymeric fluids that can be attributed to differences in viscous behavior between these two classes of fluids. These distinctions involve both the shear rate dependence that is commonly observed in non-Newtonian fluids and also the different magnitude of the viscosity in polymers as opposed to low-molecular-weight fluids. In addition to these viscous effects, it is clearly possible that many interesting changes in heat transfer problems could result from the "elastic" character of polymeric fluids. For example, in duct flows involving noncircular cross sections, certain non-Newtonian fluids show qualitatively different secondary velocity patterns than Newtonian fluids. These clearly have some effect on heat transfer. Very little can yet be said quantitatively about these "elastic" effects, however.*

In addition to these differences in heat transfer between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, there are differences in the kinds of information that we are generally interested in for nonisothermal flows of these two classes of fluids. Let us break the possible calculations into two categories: global and local. For Newtonian fluids it is the global result, the evaluation of a heat transfer coefficient to relate bulk temperature differences to heat fluxes, that is of most interest. This heat transfer coefficient, which is used for sizing heat exchanger equipment and estimating bulk temperature changes, is not as useful for non-Newtonian fluids for two reasons: first, in problems with significant viscous heating, which are common for molten polymers, the heat transfer coefficient cannot be defined meaningfully; and second, because of the peculiar physical properties of polymers, heat transfer between a flowing polymer and its surroundings is generally ignored. There are, of course, exceptions to this last statement, such as cooling extruders for low-temperature extrusion of foamed polymers and cooling of polymerization reactors.

For polymeric fluids, evaluation of the local temperature field is usually of primary interest. Because of the sensitivity of the physical properties to temperature, the temperature field can have a pronounced effect on the flow field and therefore on the process itself. In addition, many polymers are temperature sensitive and will degrade at high temperatures, say, at Tdegrad. It is important to be sure that the local temperature never exceeds Tdegrad. Finally, relaxation phenomena in polymers are strongly temperature sensitive, and the amount and location of residual stress or strain in a polymeric product will depend on the local temperature history of the polymer.

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