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E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus,
Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes
Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),

Index

HEDH
A B C D E
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus,
Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes
Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E Equilibrium vapor nucleus,
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Boiling of Single Component Liquids: Basic Processes

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000191

2.7 BOILING AND EVAPORATION
2.7.1 Boiling of single-component liquids: Basic processes

J. G. Collier and V. Wadekar

A. Vapour formation

The authors thank the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) for permission to use Figure 191.1, Figure 191.3 and Figure 191.4, which remain UKAEA copyright material.

Figure 1 shows diagramatically the pressure-volume isotherms for a pine single-component substance. For a constant temperature T, the pressure and volume vary along a line such as ABFG. Liquid only exists along the line AB, and vapor only exists along the line FG. Liquid and vapor coexist along the line BDF. The saturation curve is the locus of points such as B and F. Corresponding values of the pressure and temperature taken from the curve BDF are known as the saturation pressure (psat) and saturation temperature (Tsat) respectively. So far, only stable equilibrium phase states have been considered. Other metastable or unstable slates can occur. For example, it is possible with care to reduce the pressure imposed on a liquid at constant temperature along a line AB without the formation of vapor at point B. Likewise, it is possible to increase the pressure imposed on a vapor along a line GF without the formation of liquid at F. The coordinates of these metastable states lie along an extrapolation of AB to C or GF to E. Points in the metastable region may also be reached by carefully increasing the liquid temperature above the saturation temperature corresponding to the imposed static pressure; this process is referred to as superheating and the metastable liquid state is referred to as superheated liquid 1.

Figure 1 Pressure-volume surface for a pure substance

Vapour and liquid phases can coexist in unstable equilibrium states along lines such : is BC or FE. In this instance the pressures in the liquid and vapor in the vicinity of the interface are no longer equal at equilibrium. If the interface is concave with the center of curvature in the vapor phase, then the vapor pressure (pg) will be greater than the liquid pressure (pℓ) by an amount given by the relationship

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