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transfer media,

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
Saddle supports, for heat exchangers, Safety factors, Safety, of heat exchangers: Salicyl aldehyde: Salts, heat transfer, as heat transfer media, Sand roughness, equivalent, Santotherm, heat transfer media, Sastri and Rao correlation for surface tension, Saturated boiling: Saturated density: Saturated fluids, tables of physical properties, Saturation pressure, Saturation temperature, Saunders, E A D Sauer, H J Jr, Scale formation in heat exchangers, Scaling approximations, in nonisothermal gas radiation, Scattering bed models, for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Scattering, interaction phenomena with, Scattering coefficient, Schack wide-band model, for gas radiation properties, Schick and Prausnitz method, for critical volume of mixtures, Schlunder, E U Schmidt, F W Schmidt correlation, for heat transfer in in-line banks of high fin tubes, Schmidt number, Schneider, G E, Schrock and Grossman correlations, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Schunk, M Schwier, K, Scraped surfaces: Scaling devices, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Seawater physical properties, Seider-Tate equation, for heat transfer in heat exchangers, Selection of heat transfer equipment: Semiconductors, thermal conductivity, Separated flow model: Separation, exergy analysis for, Separators, for use in association with evaporators, Series solutions, for one-dimensional transient conduction, Serrated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Shah correlation for boiling, Shah correlation, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Shape factor, in radiative heat transfer between diffuse surfaces, Shear flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, Shear free flow, of non-Newtonian fluids, Shear rate, in fluid, Shear stress: Sheffield, J W, Shelf dryer, Shell-and-tube heat exchanger: Shell-to-baffle clearance, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Shells, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Sherwood number Shipes, K V, Short-tube vertical evaporator, Sigma phase embrittlement, of stainless steels, Silicate scales, in heat exchangers, Silicone oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, Silver method, for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Similarity theory, Simonis, V, Single-phase fluid flow: Single stage flash evaporation (SSF): Singularities, two-phase gas-liquid pressure drop across, Sink, in radiation: Skid-mounted units, specification of, Skin friction coefficient, Skrinska, A, Slab: Sleeves, internal, for expansion bellows, Slot: Slug flow: Slugging, in fluidized beds, Smith, A A, Smith, R, Smith, R A Smith, O, Snell's law, in radiation, Software, for code design, Solar absorber, Solar reflector, Soldered fins, in double pipe exchangers, Solid fuels, properties of, Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, Solid-gas flow: Solid-liquid flow: Solidification: Solids: Solids circulation, in fluidized beds, Soot blowing, Sound velocity: Source, in radiation: Spacers, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Spalding, D B, Sparging: Specific enthalpy, Specific entropy: Specific heat capacity, Specific internal energy, Specific volume: Specification of heat exchangers, Spectral absorptivity: Spectral emissivity, in gases, Specular surface, Specular-walled passages, radiative heat transfer in, Spheres: Spherical coordinates, for finite difference equations for conduction, Spherical shells: Spheroids (oblate and prolate), free convective heat transfer from, Spine fins: Spiral heat exchanger: Spirally fluted tubes: Sponge rubber balls, in fouling mitigation, Spray dryers, Sprays, in heat exchangers, Square ducts: Stable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, Staggered tube banks: Stainless steels, Stanton number Startup: State diagram, for fluidized beds, Static mixers, in heat exchangers, Statically stable foams, Steam, dropwise condensation of, Steam tables, Steam turbine exhaust condensers, Steels, as material of construction, Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Stefan's law, for blackbody radiation, Stegmaier, W, Steiner and Taborek correlation, for forced convective boiling, Stephan and Korner correlation, for boiling of binary mixtures, Stiffeners, PD5500 code guidelines for, Stiffeners, against external pressure, EN13445 guidance on, Stirred beds, heat transfer to, Stirred reactor model, for furnaces, Stone's strongly implicit method, Straight fins (longitudinal fins): Stratified gas-liquid flow: Stratified liquid-liquid-gas flow: Steam analysis methods, for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Stress, compressive, in heat exchanger tubes, Stress corrosion cracking, of stainless steels, Stress equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Stress-strain curve, for solids, Stress tensor: Stresses: Strip baffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Strouhal number, Subchannel analysis, for critical heat flux in rod bundles, Subcooled boiling: Subcooling: Sublayer, viscous, Submerged combustion, Successive over-under relaxation method for solution of implicit equations, Suction: Suction line exchangers in refrigeration, Sulfur: Sulfur compounds (organic): Sulfur dioxide: Sulfur hexafluoride: Sulfur trioxide: Supercritical fluids: Superficial velocity, in multiphase flow, Superheated gases: Superheated liquid, in metastable state, Superheated vapor, condensation of, on vertical surface, Supersaturation, as cause of fogging in condensers: Suppression of nucleate boiling, Surface catalysis, in augmentation of heat transfer, Surface condensers, Surface finish: Surface, hydraulically smooth, Surface material, effect on fouling, Surface models, in radiative heat transfer, Surface modification for drag reduction, Surface temperature, effect on fouling, Surface tension: Surfactants, in drag reduction, Suspension, radiation interaction phenomena in, Sutherland formula, for viscosity variation with temperature, Sutterby fluid (non-Newtonian), free convective heat transfer to, Swirling flow, in augmentation of heat transfer, Synthetic heat transfer media, Synthetic mixture heat transfer media,
T U V W X Y Z

Pool Boiling

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000192

2.7 BOILING AND EVAPORATION
2.7.2 Pool boiling

Pool boiling is defined as boiling from a heated surface submerged in a large volume of stagnant liquid. This liquid may be at its boiling point, in which case the term saturated pool boiling is employed, or below its boiling point, when the term subcooled pool boilingis used. The results of investigations into heat transfer rates in pool boiling are usually plotted on a graph of surface heat flux () against heater wall surface temperature (Tw) — the boiling curve. Such a curve for water boiling at atmospheric pressure is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1. An alternative presentation might use the wall superheat (TwTsat) rather than the wall temperature itself.

Figure 1 Pool boiling curve for water at atmospheric pressure

The component parts of the boiling curve are as follows:

  1. The natural convection region AB, where temperature gradients are set up in the pool and heat is removed by natural convection to the free surface and thence by evaporation to the vapor space.

  2. The onset of nucleate boiling (ONB), where the wall superheat becomes sufficient to cause vapor nucleation at the heating surface. This may occur close to the point where the curves AB and B'C meet, as is usually the case for water at atmospheric pressure and above. Alternatively, it may occur at much larger superheats than those required to support fully developed nucleate boiling, resulting in a sharp drop in surface temperature from B to B' for the case of a constant surface heat flux. This latter behavior is associated with fluids at very low reduced pressures, e.g., water below atmospheric pressure and liquid metals in particular.

  3. The nucleate boiling region (B'C), where vapor nucleation occurs at the heating surface. Starting with a few individual sites at low heat fluxes, more sites become active as the heat flux is increased. Bubble departure frequency also increases with increasing heat flux. Finally, at high heat fluxes, the vapor structure changes significantly with bubble coalescence leading to formation of vapor patches and columns close to the surface.

  4. The critical heat flux (CHF or point D) marks the upper limit of nucleate boiling where the interaction of the liquid and vapor streams causes a restriction of the liquid supply to the heating surface.

  5. The transition boiling region (DE) is characterized by the existence of an unstable vapor blanket over the heating surface that releases large patches of vapor at more or less regular intervals. Intermittent wetting of the surface is believed to occur. This region can be studied only under conditions approximating a constant surface temperature.

  6. The film boiling region (EF), where a stable vapor film covers the entire heating surface and vapor is released from the film periodically in the form of regularly spaced bubbles. Heat transfer is accomplished principally by conduction and convection through the vapor film, with radiation becoming significant as the surface temperature is increased.

In the natural convection region (1), the liquid may be at or below the saturation temperature. The temperature gradient away from the surface may be established from work on single-phase natural convection (see Section 174). The remaining regions of the boiling curve will now be considered in more detail.

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