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E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient,
Gas Radiation Properties
Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),

Index

HEDH
A B C D E
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient,
Gas Radiation Properties
Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E Extinction coefficient,
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Gas Radiation Properties

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000208

2.9 HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION
2.9.5 Gas radiation properties

D.K. Edwards

A. The equation of transfer

Up to this point, a diathermanous medium has been assumed. In such a medium the radiant intensity I of a stream of photons is unaffected by passage through the medium. More generally, the photons and matter interact. Three processes may be distinguished: (1) net absorption (total absorption minus induced emission), (2) spontaneous emission, and (3) scattering. The latter can be broken down into scattering out of the beam and scattering into the beam. The result is that in slant path increment ds there is an incremental change in intensity dI as pictured in Figure 1. The equation giving dI/ds is named the equation of transfer.

Figure 1 Change of intensity I along incremental path length ds

The absorption, emission, and scattering properties of matter are sometimes characterized by cross sections. For example, visualize a spherical oil droplet such as is sprayed into a combustion chamber. The droplet of radius R has a total surface area of 4πR2, but its projected area is πR2. The latter is said to be the geometric cross section. If one examines the shadow behind a droplet that is large compared to the wavelength, one finds, due to diffraction, a shadow area of 2πR2 but a bright halo contains half of the radiant power missing due to the shadow, half of I dΩ 2πR2. Whether the droplet is large or small, the radiant power missing from the incident beam divided by that incident on an area of πR2 is termed the extinction efficiency Qe. Thus if one considers the halo radiation as scattered, that is, caused to deviate in direction, the extinction efficiency of a large particle is 2; but, if one considers the halo as undeviated, a more reasonable view for engineering power transfer calculations, then Qe is 1 for a large particle.

The power missing from the shadow may have been absorbed, or it may have been scattered into other directions. The fraction scattered into other directions is called the albedo for single scatter ωs. The fraction 1 – ωs is sometimes called the particle emissivity. Actually it would be better called the particle absorptivity, but Kirchhoff’s law is invoked. The quantity ωsQe is called the scattering efficiency Qs, and (1 – ωs)Qe is called the absorption efficiency Qa.

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