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Virk equation for maximum drag reduction,
Visco-elastic fluids, flow of,
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Viscosity:
Viscosity number (Vi),
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Void fraction,
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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of,
Vacuum operation, of reboilers,
Valle, A,
Valves:
Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux,
Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles,
Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers,
Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators,
Vapor mixtures, condensation of,
Vapor pressure,
Vapor recompression, in evaporation,
Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for,
Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features,
Vapors, saturation properties of,
Vapors, properties of superheated,
Vasiliev, L,
Vassilicos, J C,
Velocity defect law:
Velocity distribution:
Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow,
Velocity ratio (slip ratio):
Venting of condensers
Vertical condensers:
Vertical cylindrical fired heater,
Vertical pipes:
Vertical surfaces:
Vertical thermosiphon reboilers:
Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code,
Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for,
Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Vibrated beds, heat transfer to,
Vibration:
Vinyl acetate:
Vinyl benzene:
Vinyl chloride:
Virial equation:
Virk equation for maximum drag reduction,
Visco-elastic fluids, flow of,
Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining,
Viscosity:
Viscosity number (Vi),
Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows,
Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers,
Viscous sublayer, in duct flow,
Void fraction,
Voidage, in fixed beds, definition,
Volumetric heat transfer coefficient,
Volumetric mass transfer coefficient,
von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface,
von Karman velocity defect law,
Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section,
Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers,
Vortex shedding:
W
X
Y
Z
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Polymer Drag Reduction
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000234
2.14.2 Polymer drag reduction
A. Bismarck, L. Chen, J. M. Griffin, G. F. Hewitt, and J. C. Vassilicos
A. Introduction
Drag Reduction by the introduction of minute concentrations of polymeric materials was first discovered during the Second World War and was described, for the first time, by Toms (1948). Since this first publication, there has been an enormous amount of work on drag reduction, and in particular drag reduction by the addition of polymers.
The definition of the percentage drag reduction for pipe flow is as follows:
\[\label{eq1} \mbox{% drag reduction}=\frac{\Delta p_s-\Delta p_p}{\Delta p_s}\times 100\tag{1}\]
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