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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,

Index

HEDH
A B C D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers Damkohler number: Damping: Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Decal, heat transfer medium, Decane: 1-Decanol: 1-Decene: Degradation temperature, of polymers, Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators, Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow, Density: Deposition of droplets in annular flow Deposition in fouling, Desalination plants: Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators, Developing flow in ducts: Dew-poin corrosion, Diathermanous fluid, 1,1-Dibromoethane: Dibromomethane: 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2): Dibutylamine: Dibutyl ether: Dichloroacetic acid: o-Dichlorobenzene: Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12) 1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a): 1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150): 1,1-Dichloroethylene: cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene: trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene: Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21) Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30): 1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114) 1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123) Dielectric constant, of water, Diethylamine: n,n-Diethylaniline: Diethylene glycol: Diethyl ether: Diethyl ketone: Diethylsulfide: Differential condensation: Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation, Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design, Differential vector operators in heat conduction, Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces, Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between, Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in, Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Diffusion, in multi-component condensation, n,n-Diffusion coefficients: 1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a): Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32): Diiodomethane: Diisobutylamine: Diisopropylamine: Diisopropylether: Dimensional analysis: Dimensionless groups: Dimethylacetylene: Dimethylamine: Dimethylaniline: 2,2-Dimethylbutane: 2,3-Dimethylbutane: 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane: Dimethylether: Dimethylketone: 2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane): Dimethylsulfide: Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with, 1,4-Dioxane: Diphenyl: Diphenylamine: Diphenylether: Diphenylmethane: Dipropyl ether: Diisopropyl ether: Dipropyl ketone: Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat transfer, Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence, Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method, Dished heads: Discretization in numerical analysis: Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers, Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined, Dispersants, for fouling control, Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid), Dissipation of turbulent energy, Distillation: Distribution: Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer, Dividing flow, loss coefficients in, Dodecane: 1-Dodecene: Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Double-pipe heat exchangers: Double segmental baffled heat exchangers, Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid, Dowtherm A: Dowtherm J: Dowtherms, as heat transfer media, Drag coefficient: Drag force: Drag reduction, Drainage, of condensate, Dreitser, G, Drift flux model for two-phase flows, Drogemuller, P, Droplets: Dropwise condensation Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation), Dryers: Drying loft, Drying rates, prediction of, Dryout: Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in, Duplex stainless steels, Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow, Dynamically stable foam, Dyphyl, heat transfer media, Dzyubenko, B,
E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Drag Reduction in Multiphase Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000236

2.14.4 Drag reduction in multiphase flow

A. Introduction

A large proportion of hydrocarbon production pipelines operate in two-phase flow (natural gas and liquid hydrocarbons) or three-phase flow (natural gas, hydrocarbon liquid and water). There is thus, within the oil industry, an interest in drag reduction in such pipelines. Manfield et al. (1999) review the earlier work on drag reduction in multiphase flow systems. They note that the first experiments with drag reducing solutions in two-phase flow were by Oliver and Young Hoon (1968) who used the solution of 1.3% polyethylene oxide (PEO) in water in a two-phase flow with air. They studied both slug and annular flows and noted a reduction of pressure gradients; however, they did not use the term "drag reduction" or refer to PEO as a drag reducing agent (DRA). The first publication to explicitly mention drag reduction with additives in two-phase gas-liquid flow was by Greskovich and Shrier (1971) who reported a small number of tests, mostly in the slug flow regime. They obtained drag reductions up to 40%.

Though drag reduction in multiphase flows has been studied far less than that in single phase flows, there has been a burgeoning of work in the area over recent years. Reflecting the focus on hydrocarbon transportation, most of the work has been on horizontal gas-liquid flows (Section 236B) though there have been studies of vertical gas-liquid flows (Section 236C). Most of the work has focussed on polymeric DRA’s but there have been a limited number of studies on surfactant systems (see Section 236D). Other systems studies include three-phase flows (Section 236E) and solid-liquid flows (Section 236F).

B. Horizontal gas-liquid flows

The most important feature of gas-liquid flows is that of flow pattern. Thus, in horizontal tubes, the gas and liquid can flow in separated layers (stratified flow), in an intermittent fashion with slugs of liquid separated by stratified regions (slug flow) or in the form of a flow with a continuous gas core (often carrying entrained liquid droplets) surrounded by a film on the tube wall (annular flow). The incidence of DRA’s in a given flow regime can either be to change the characteristics of the flow in that regime or to change the regime itself.

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