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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cabin heater,
Caetano, EF
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
CALFLO, heat transfer media,
Calorically perfect gas,
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in,
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon monoxide:
Carbon steel:
Carbon-manganese steels
Carbon-molybdenum steels,
Carbon tetrachloride:
Carbonyl sulfide:
Carboxylic acids:
Carnot cycle in refrigeration,
Carnot factor,
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian),
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds,
Cashman, B L,
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties,
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers,
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness,
Cement kilns,
CEN code for pressure vessels,
Centrifugal dryer,
Ceramics
Certification of heat exchangers,
Chan, S H,
Channel emissivity,
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature,
Chemical exergy,
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of,
Chemical reaction fouling,
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling,
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Chenoweth, J M,
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers,
Chillers, construction features of,
Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Chisholm, D
Chisholm correlations:
Chlorine:
Chloroacetic acid:
Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobutane:
Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):
Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):
Chloropentane:
1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):
1-Chloropropane:
2-Chloropropane:
m-Chlorotoluene:
o-Chlorotoluene:
Chlorotrifluoroethylene:
Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
Chudnovsky, Y,
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases,
Church and Prausnitz methods:
Churchill, S W,
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:
Churn flow, regions of occurrence of,
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial,
Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code,
Circulating fluidized beds,
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below,
CISE correlations for void fractions,
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:
Cleaning:
Climbing film evaporator,
Closed circuit cooling towers,
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds,
Coatings for corrosion protection
Cocurrent flow:
Codes, mechanical design:
Cogeneration
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation,
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks,
Colburn j factor:
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe,
Coles, law of the wake,
Collier, J G,
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:
Combined heat and mass transfer,
Combining flow, loss coefficients in,
Combustion model for furnaces,
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)
Compartment dryers,
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:
Compressed liquids, density of:
Compressible flow:
Compression, exergy analysis of
Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes,
Computer-aided design, of evaporators,
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer,
Computer simulation, of fouling,
Computer software for mechanical design,
Concentration, choice of evaporator type for,
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in,
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers,
Condensation:
Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for,
Condensation curves:
Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation,
Condensers:
Conduction, heat:
Conductors, thermal conductivity of,
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for,
Cones, vertical:
Conical shells, mechanical design of:
Conjugate radiation interactions
Connors equation for fluid elastic instability,
Conservation equations:
Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point,
Contact angle,
Contact resistance:
Continuity equation:
Continuum model, for fluids,
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids,
Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:
Control:
Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction,
Convection, interaction of radiation with,
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers,
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:
Conversion factors:
Conveyor, gravity:
Cooling curves, in condensation,
Cooling towers:
Cooling water fouling,
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling,
Cooper, Anthony,
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties,
Copper alloys,
Correlation, general nature of,
Corresponding states principle
Corrosion:
Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers
Costing of heat exchangers:
Countercurrent flow:
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction,
Cowie, R C,
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method,
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
m-Cresol:
o-Cresol:
p-Cresol:
Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels,
Critical constants
Critical density, of commonly used fluids,
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems,
Critical heat flux:
Critical pressure:
Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection,
Critical temperature:
Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes,
Critical volume (see also Critical density)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers,
Crossflow:
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:
Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in,
Crystallization
Crystallization fouling,
Curved ducts:
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers,
C-value method for heat exchanger costing,
Cycling, of expansion bellows,
Cyclobutane:
Cyclohexane:
Cyclohexanol:
Cyclohexene:
Cyclopentane:
Cyclopentene:
Cyclopropane:
Cylinders:
Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in,
Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in,
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
Cabin heater,
Caetano, EF
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
CALFLO, heat transfer media,
Calorically perfect gas,
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in,
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon monoxide:
Carbon steel:
Carbon-manganese steels
Carbon-molybdenum steels,
Carbon tetrachloride:
Carbonyl sulfide:
Carboxylic acids:
Carnot cycle in refrigeration,
Carnot factor,
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian),
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds,
Cashman, B L,
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties,
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers,
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness,
Cement kilns,
CEN code for pressure vessels,
Centrifugal dryer,
Ceramics
Certification of heat exchangers,
Chan, S H,
Channel emissivity,
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature,
Chemical exergy,
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of,
Chemical reaction fouling,
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling,
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Chenoweth, J M,
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers,
Chillers, construction features of,
Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Chisholm, D
Chisholm correlations:
Chlorine:
Chloroacetic acid:
Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobutane:
Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):
Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):
Chloropentane:
1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):
1-Chloropropane:
2-Chloropropane:
m-Chlorotoluene:
o-Chlorotoluene:
Chlorotrifluoroethylene:
Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
Chudnovsky, Y,
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases,
Church and Prausnitz methods:
Churchill, S W,
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:
Churn flow, regions of occurrence of,
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial,
Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code,
Circulating fluidized beds,
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below,
CISE correlations for void fractions,
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:
Cleaning:
Climbing film evaporator,
Closed circuit cooling towers,
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds,
Coatings for corrosion protection
Cocurrent flow:
Codes, mechanical design:
Cogeneration
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation,
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks,
Colburn j factor:
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe,
Coles, law of the wake,
Collier, J G,
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:
Combined heat and mass transfer,
Combining flow, loss coefficients in,
Combustion model for furnaces,
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)
Compartment dryers,
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:
Compressed liquids, density of:
Compressible flow:
Compression, exergy analysis of
Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes,
Computer-aided design, of evaporators,
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer,
Computer simulation, of fouling,
Computer software for mechanical design,
Concentration, choice of evaporator type for,
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in,
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers,
Condensation:
Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for,
Condensation curves:
Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation,
Condensers:
Conduction, heat:
Conductors, thermal conductivity of,
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for,
Cones, vertical:
Conical shells, mechanical design of:
Conjugate radiation interactions
Connors equation for fluid elastic instability,
Conservation equations:
Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point,
Contact angle,
Contact resistance:
Continuity equation:
Continuum model, for fluids,
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids,
Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:
Control:
Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction,
Convection, interaction of radiation with,
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers,
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:
Conversion factors:
Conveyor, gravity:
Cooling curves, in condensation,
Cooling towers:
Cooling water fouling,
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling,
Cooper, Anthony,
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties,
Copper alloys,
Correlation, general nature of,
Corresponding states principle
Corrosion:
Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers
Costing of heat exchangers:
Countercurrent flow:
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction,
Cowie, R C,
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method,
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
m-Cresol:
o-Cresol:
p-Cresol:
Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels,
Critical constants
Critical density, of commonly used fluids,
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems,
Critical heat flux:
Critical pressure:
Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection,
Critical temperature:
Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes,
Critical volume (see also Critical density)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers,
Crossflow:
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:
Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in,
Crystallization
Crystallization fouling,
Curved ducts:
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers,
C-value method for heat exchanger costing,
Cycling, of expansion bellows,
Cyclobutane:
Cyclohexane:
Cyclohexanol:
Cyclohexene:
Cyclopentane:
Cyclopentene:
Cyclopropane:
Cylinders:
Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in,
Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in,
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Design: Objectives and Background
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000247
3.3.1 and 3.3.4 Shell-and-tube heat exchanger design: objectives and background
J. Taborek
The basic design of shell-and-tube exchangers was introduced in the early 1900s to fill the needs in power plants for large heat exchanger surfaces as condensers and feedwater heaters capable of operating under relatively high pressures. Both of these original applications of shell-and-tube heat exchangers continue to be used, but the designs have become highly sophisticated and specialized, subject to various specific codes and practices.
The broad industrial use of shell-and-tube heat exchangers known today also started in the 1900s to accommodate the demands of the emerging oil industry. Oil heaters and coolers, reboilers, and condensers for a variety of crude oil fraction and related organic liquids were required for rugged outdoor service, often "dirty" fluids, and high temperatures and pressures. Ease of cleaning and field repairs was unconditionally required.
The most serious problems in these early stages of shell-and-tube heat exchanger development appeared not to be those of heat transfer (which was crudely estimated from practice) but rather of material strength calculations for the various components, especially tubesheets. A host of other problems in the area of manufacturing techniques and practices followed, such as tube-to-tubesheet joints, flange and nozzle welding, and so on, surprisingly many being still on the list of items of continued concern and development.
During the 1920s shell-and-tube manufacturing technology became fairly well developed, mainly because of the efforts of relatively few major manufacturers. Units up to 500 m2 (5,000 ft2), that is, approximately 750-mm diameter and 6-m length (3 ft by 16 ft), were manufactured for the rapidly growing oil industry. In the 1930s, the shell-and-tube heat exchanger designers established many sound design principles from intuition and data emerging on ideal tube banks. Water-water and water-steam exchangers were probably designed about as well as they are today, because of the predominant effects of fouling resistances. Viscous flow was one of the most difficult problems for shell-side flow and was poorly understood until the 1960s. Shell-side pressure drop is not even mentioned in the literature until the late 1940s. Condensers and reboilers were designed purely to experience-derived values, often tightly guarded secrets of the manufacturers.
The need for mechanical design standards was equally important for reasons of safety, uniformity of tolerances, quality control, and general orderliness in competition. The first such document is the TEMA Standards of 1941 (TEMA, 1941), presently in its sixth edition and considered a standard practice all over the world.
In the following sections, an and a method for sizing shell-and-tube heat exchangers will be presented. The former is an estimation method that can be used those occasions (e.g. assessment of plant cost, layout, and space requirements) when a good approximate size estimate of shell-and-tube heat exchangers is sufficient. This will provide a quicker answer than a detailed design. The detailed method (of intermediate complexity) includes a modified version of the Bell-Delaware method and the .... You need a subscriptionOpen in a new tab. to view the full text of the article. If you already have the subscription, please login here
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