Navigation by alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cabin heater,
Caetano, EF
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
CALFLO, heat transfer media,
Calorically perfect gas,
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in,
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon monoxide:
Carbon steel:
Carbon-manganese steels
Carbon-molybdenum steels,
Carbon tetrachloride:
Carbonyl sulfide:
Carboxylic acids:
Carnot cycle in refrigeration,
Carnot factor,
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian),
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds,
Cashman, B L,
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties,
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers,
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness,
Cement kilns,
CEN code for pressure vessels,
Centrifugal dryer,
Ceramics
Certification of heat exchangers,
Chan, S H,
Channel emissivity,
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature,
Chemical exergy,
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of,
Chemical reaction fouling,
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling,
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Chenoweth, J M,
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers,
Chillers, construction features of,
Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Chisholm, D
Chisholm correlations:
Chlorine:
Chloroacetic acid:
Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobutane:
Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):
Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):
Chloropentane:
1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):
1-Chloropropane:
2-Chloropropane:
m-Chlorotoluene:
o-Chlorotoluene:
Chlorotrifluoroethylene:
Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
Chudnovsky, Y,
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases,
Church and Prausnitz methods:
Churchill, S W,
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:
Churn flow, regions of occurrence of,
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial,
Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code,
Circulating fluidized beds,
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below,
CISE correlations for void fractions,
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:
Cleaning:
Climbing film evaporator,
Closed circuit cooling towers,
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds,
Coatings for corrosion protection
Cocurrent flow:
Codes, mechanical design:
Cogeneration
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation,
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks,
Colburn j factor:
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe,
Coles, law of the wake,
Collier, J G,
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:
Combined heat and mass transfer,
Combining flow, loss coefficients in,
Combustion model for furnaces,
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)
Compartment dryers,
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:
Compressed liquids, density of:
Compressible flow:
Compression, exergy analysis of
Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes,
Computer-aided design, of evaporators,
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer,
Computer simulation, of fouling,
Computer software for mechanical design,
Concentration, choice of evaporator type for,
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in,
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers,
Condensation:
Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for,
Condensation curves:
Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation,
Condensers:
condensate subcooling in,
design procedures for
discussion of types,
Conduction, heat:
Conductors, thermal conductivity of,
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for,
Cones, vertical:
Conical shells, mechanical design of:
Conjugate radiation interactions
Connors equation for fluid elastic instability,
Conservation equations:
Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point,
Contact angle,
Contact resistance:
Continuity equation:
Continuum model, for fluids,
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids,
Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:
Control:
Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction,
Convection, interaction of radiation with,
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers,
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:
Conversion factors:
Conveyor, gravity:
Cooling curves, in condensation,
Cooling towers:
Cooling water fouling,
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling,
Cooper, Anthony,
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties,
Copper alloys,
Correlation, general nature of,
Corresponding states principle
Corrosion:
Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers
Costing of heat exchangers:
Countercurrent flow:
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction,
Cowie, R C,
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method,
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
m-Cresol:
o-Cresol:
p-Cresol:
Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels,
Critical constants
Critical density, of commonly used fluids,
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems,
Critical heat flux:
Critical pressure:
Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection,
Critical temperature:
Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes,
Critical volume (see also Critical density)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers,
Crossflow:
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:
Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in,
Crystallization
Crystallization fouling,
Curved ducts:
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers,
C-value method for heat exchanger costing,
Cycling, of expansion bellows,
Cyclobutane:
Cyclohexane:
Cyclohexanol:
Cyclohexene:
Cyclopentane:
Cyclopentene:
Cyclopropane:
Cylinders:
Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in,
Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in,
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
Discussion of Condenser Types
horizontal, outside tubes,
turbine exhaust (surface condensers),
vertical downflow,
vertical reflux,
vertical upflow,
vertical, outside tubes,
fogging in
fouling in,
heat transfer in,
in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems,
introduction to,
mean temperature difference in,
operational problems in
pressure drop in,
reflux, design of,
temperature patterns in,
as type of heat exchanger,
for use in association with evaporators,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
Cabin heater,
Caetano, EF
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
CALFLO, heat transfer media,
Calorically perfect gas,
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in,
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon monoxide:
Carbon steel:
Carbon-manganese steels
Carbon-molybdenum steels,
Carbon tetrachloride:
Carbonyl sulfide:
Carboxylic acids:
Carnot cycle in refrigeration,
Carnot factor,
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian),
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds,
Cashman, B L,
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties,
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers,
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness,
Cement kilns,
CEN code for pressure vessels,
Centrifugal dryer,
Ceramics
Certification of heat exchangers,
Chan, S H,
Channel emissivity,
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature,
Chemical exergy,
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of,
Chemical reaction fouling,
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling,
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Chenoweth, J M,
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers,
Chillers, construction features of,
Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Chisholm, D
Chisholm correlations:
Chlorine:
Chloroacetic acid:
Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobutane:
Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):
Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):
Chloropentane:
1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):
1-Chloropropane:
2-Chloropropane:
m-Chlorotoluene:
o-Chlorotoluene:
Chlorotrifluoroethylene:
Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
Chudnovsky, Y,
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases,
Church and Prausnitz methods:
Churchill, S W,
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:
Churn flow, regions of occurrence of,
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial,
Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code,
Circulating fluidized beds,
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below,
CISE correlations for void fractions,
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:
Cleaning:
Climbing film evaporator,
Closed circuit cooling towers,
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds,
Coatings for corrosion protection
Cocurrent flow:
Codes, mechanical design:
Cogeneration
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation,
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks,
Colburn j factor:
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe,
Coles, law of the wake,
Collier, J G,
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:
Combined heat and mass transfer,
Combining flow, loss coefficients in,
Combustion model for furnaces,
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)
Compartment dryers,
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:
Compressed liquids, density of:
Compressible flow:
Compression, exergy analysis of
Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes,
Computer-aided design, of evaporators,
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer,
Computer simulation, of fouling,
Computer software for mechanical design,
Concentration, choice of evaporator type for,
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in,
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers,
Condensation:
Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for,
Condensation curves:
Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation,
Condensers:
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
condensate subcooling in,
design procedures for
discussion of types,
Conduction, heat:
Conductors, thermal conductivity of,
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for,
Cones, vertical:
Conical shells, mechanical design of:
Conjugate radiation interactions
Connors equation for fluid elastic instability,
Conservation equations:
Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point,
Contact angle,
Contact resistance:
Continuity equation:
Continuum model, for fluids,
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids,
Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:
Control:
Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction,
Convection, interaction of radiation with,
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers,
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:
Conversion factors:
Conveyor, gravity:
Cooling curves, in condensation,
Cooling towers:
Cooling water fouling,
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling,
Cooper, Anthony,
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties,
Copper alloys,
Correlation, general nature of,
Corresponding states principle
Corrosion:
Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers
Costing of heat exchangers:
Countercurrent flow:
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction,
Cowie, R C,
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method,
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
m-Cresol:
o-Cresol:
p-Cresol:
Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels,
Critical constants
Critical density, of commonly used fluids,
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems,
Critical heat flux:
Critical pressure:
Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection,
Critical temperature:
Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes,
Critical volume (see also Critical density)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers,
Crossflow:
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:
Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in,
Crystallization
Crystallization fouling,
Curved ducts:
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers,
C-value method for heat exchanger costing,
Cycling, of expansion bellows,
Cyclobutane:
Cyclohexane:
Cyclohexanol:
Cyclohexene:
Cyclopentane:
Cyclopentene:
Cyclopropane:
Cylinders:
Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in,
Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in,
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
Discussion of Condenser Types
horizontal, outside tubes,
turbine exhaust (surface condensers),
vertical downflow,
vertical reflux,
vertical upflow,
vertical, outside tubes,
fogging in
fouling in,
heat transfer in,
in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems,
introduction to,
mean temperature difference in,
operational problems in
pressure drop in,
reflux, design of,
temperature patterns in,
as type of heat exchanger,
for use in association with evaporators,
Download the citation in the EndNote formatOpen in a new tab.
Download the citation in the RefWorks formatOpen in a new tab.
Download the citation in the BibTex formatOpen in a new tab.
Discussion of Condenser Types
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000262
3.4.3 Discussion of condenser types
David Butterworth, A. C. Mueller
A. Inside tubes — vertical downflow
A vertical inline condenser is shown in Figure 1 as a shell-and-tube unit with an outside packed head and a separating head. A fixed tubesheet construction can be used if shellside cleaning is unnecessary or can be done chemically. The space between the upper tubesheet and the upper shell nozzle can entrap air; therefore, special vents are drilled into the upper tubesheet, which should be arranged to discharge continuously into an open drain. Thus we are assured that the tubesheet is wetted and cooled, and that the water is kept from stagnating. This reduces fouling and corrosion, which would otherwise occur at the air-water interlace. The lower separating head has either a funnel or a baffle designed to minimize re-entrainment of condensate into the vent gas stream. The condensate level is kept below the baffle or funnel.
The vapor enters the top head usually through a radial nozzle, although an axial nozzle can also be used. For axial nozzles, the nozzle entrance velocity head pressure should be compared to the condenser tube pressure drop to ensure that maldistribution is not severe. If needed, a perforated impingement plate with 5–10% hole area placed 0.5–1.0 nozzle diameters downstream will help.
The vapors condense on the tube wall as an annular film and drain to the bottom. Tube diameters are usually 19 mm or 25 mm, although for low pressures larger tubes up to 50 mm are used to reduce pressure drop. Occasionally small diameters of 16 mm are used. At the end of the condensing zone there is a vapor-noncondensable gas interface, and below this interface the condensate is subcooled as a falling film. As the load on the condenser varies, the vapor-gas interface (and, hence, the ratio of condensing to subcooling lengths) will change. System pressure control is obtained by controlling the vent gas pressure. If the noncondensable gases in the incoming vapor are insufficient to maintain pressure control for a reduction in load, then for pressure operation an inert gas is bled in or for vacuum operation air is bled into the vacuum line. For atmospheric operation, the vent line exhausts to a stack.
... You need a subscriptionOpen in a new tab. to view the full text of the article. If you already have the subscription, please login here
© 2024 by Begell House, Inc.