262--Discussion of Condenser Types

doi:10.1615/hedhme.a.000262

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena:

in gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes, in reflux condensation

Film Condensation of Pure Vapour Discussion of Condenser Types

Pushkina and Sorokin correlation for, as source of critical heat flux limitation in countercurrent flow: Wallis correlation for

Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,

Index

HEDH

A B C D E F

F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena:

in gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes, in reflux condensation

Film Condensation of Pure Vapour Discussion of Condenser Types

Pushkina and Sorokin correlation for, as source of critical heat flux limitation in countercurrent flow: Wallis correlation for

Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,

G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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Discussion of Condenser Types

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000262

3.4.3 Discussion of condenser types

David Butterworth, A. C. Mueller

A. Inside tubes — vertical downflow

A vertical inline condenser is shown in Figure 1 as a shell-and-tube unit with an outside packed head and a separating head. A fixed tubesheet construction can be used if shellside cleaning is unnecessary or can be done chemically. The space between the upper tubesheet and the upper shell nozzle can entrap air; therefore, special vents are drilled into the upper tubesheet, which should be arranged to discharge continuously into an open drain. Thus we are assured that the tubesheet is wetted and cooled, and that the water is kept from stagnating. This reduces fouling and corrosion, which would otherwise occur at the air-water interlace. The lower separating head has either a funnel or a baffle designed to minimize re-entrainment of condensate into the vent gas stream. The condensate level is kept below the baffle or funnel.

Figure 1 Vertical in-tube downflow condenser

The vapor enters the top head usually through a radial nozzle, although an axial nozzle can also be used. For axial nozzles, the nozzle entrance velocity head pressure should be compared to the condenser tube pressure drop to ensure that maldistribution is not severe. If needed, a perforated impingement plate with 5–10% hole area placed 0.5–1.0 nozzle diameters downstream will help.

The vapors condense on the tube wall as an annular film and drain to the bottom. Tube diameters are usually 19 mm or 25 mm, although for low pressures larger tubes up to 50 mm are used to reduce pressure drop. Occasionally small diameters of 16 mm are used. At the end of the condensing zone there is a vapor-noncondensable gas interface, and below this interface the condensate is subcooled as a falling film. As the load on the condenser varies, the vapor-gas interface (and, hence, the ratio of condensing to subcooling lengths) will change. System pressure control is obtained by controlling the vent gas pressure. If the noncondensable gases in the incoming vapor are insufficient to maintain pressure control for a reduction in load, then for pressure operation an inert gas is bled in or for vacuum operation air is bled into the vacuum line. For atmospheric operation, the vent line exhausts to a stack.

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