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Design to PD 5500 design by rule, general bases,
Design to PD 5500 basis of design, introduction,
Discussion of Condenser Types
purchases, safety factor, scope and structure, specification of the duty,
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Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Packaged units, specification of, Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, Packings, for cooling towers Packings, for fixed beds: Packinox heat exchanger, Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, Palen, J W Panchal, C B, Paraffins, normal and isonormal: Paraldehyde: Parallel channel instability, in condensers, Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, Participating media, radiation interaction in, Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, Particle emissivity, Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, Particles: Particulate fluidization, Particulate fouling, Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Passes, tube side, Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for: PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Design to PD 5500 design by rule, general bases,
Design to PD 5500 basis of design, introduction,
Discussion of Condenser Types
purchases, safety factor, scope and structure, specification of the duty,
manufacture and tests (design aspects), other design matters,
Peacock, D K, Pearson number, Peclet number Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120): Pentadecane: Pentadecene: Pentadiene 1, 2: Pentadiene 1, trans 3: Pentadiene 1, 4: Pentadiene 2-3: Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125) Pentamethylbenzene: Pentane: Pentanoic acid: 1-Pentanol: 1-Pentene: cis-2-Pentene: trans-2-Pentene: Pentylacetate: Pentylbenzene: Pentylcyclohexane: Pentylcyclopentane: Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, Periodic operation, of regenerator, Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer, Phase change number, Phase equilibrium: Phase inversion Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, Phenol: Phenols: Phenylhydrazine: Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, Phosgene: Physical properties: Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, Pioro, I L Pioro, LS, Pipe leads, Piperidine: Pipes, circular: Pipes, noncircular: Piping components: Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, Planck's constant, Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, Plastic deformation Plate fin heat exchangers Plate fins, efficiency, Plate heat exchangers: Plate evaporator Plates: Plug flow: Plug flow model, for furnaces, Pneumatic conveyance, Pneumatic conveying dryer, P-NTU method: Polarization, of thermal radiation, Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, Polymers: Pool boiling, Porous surfaces: Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Portable fouling unit, Poskas, P, Postdryout heat transfer: Powders: Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), Power plant: Prandtl number Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, Pressure coefficient: Pressure control of condensers, Pressure drop: Pressure gradient: Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, Pressure testing, Pressure vessels, principle codes for, Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, Printed circuit heat exchanger, Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, Process heaters: Progressive plastic deformation Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, Promoters, in dropwise condensation, Propadiene: Propane: 1-Propanol: 2-Propanol: Propeller agitator, Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid: Propionic anhydride: Proprionitrile: Propyl acetate: Propylamine: Propylbenzene: Propylcyclohexane: Propylcyclopentane: Propylene: 1,3-Propylene glycol: Propylene oxide: Propyl formate: Propyl propionate: Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudocritical pressure, Pseudocritical tempertaure, Pugh, S F Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler, Pumping, lost work in, Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, Pyridine:
Q R S T U V W X Y Z
P PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, general bases, introduction,
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Discussion of Condenser Types

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000262

3.4.3 Discussion of condenser types

David Butterworth, A. C. Mueller

A. Inside tubes — vertical downflow

A vertical inline condenser is shown in Figure 1 as a shell-and-tube unit with an outside packed head and a separating head. A fixed tubesheet construction can be used if shellside cleaning is unnecessary or can be done chemically. The space between the upper tubesheet and the upper shell nozzle can entrap air; therefore, special vents are drilled into the upper tubesheet, which should be arranged to discharge continuously into an open drain. Thus we are assured that the tubesheet is wetted and cooled, and that the water is kept from stagnating. This reduces fouling and corrosion, which would otherwise occur at the air-water interlace. The lower separating head has either a funnel or a baffle designed to minimize re-entrainment of condensate into the vent gas stream. The condensate level is kept below the baffle or funnel.

Figure 1 Vertical in-tube downflow condenser

The vapor enters the top head usually through a radial nozzle, although an axial nozzle can also be used. For axial nozzles, the nozzle entrance velocity head pressure should be compared to the condenser tube pressure drop to ensure that maldistribution is not severe. If needed, a perforated impingement plate with 5–10% hole area placed 0.5–1.0 nozzle diameters downstream will help.

The vapors condense on the tube wall as an annular film and drain to the bottom. Tube diameters are usually 19 mm or 25 mm, although for low pressures larger tubes up to 50 mm are used to reduce pressure drop. Occasionally small diameters of 16 mm are used. At the end of the condensing zone there is a vapor-noncondensable gas interface, and below this interface the condensate is subcooled as a falling film. As the load on the condenser varies, the vapor-gas interface (and, hence, the ratio of condensing to subcooling lengths) will change. System pressure control is obtained by controlling the vent gas pressure. If the noncondensable gases in the incoming vapor are insufficient to maintain pressure control for a reduction in load, then for pressure operation an inert gas is bled in or for vacuum operation air is bled into the vacuum line. For atmospheric operation, the vent line exhausts to a stack.

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