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Cabin heater, Caetano, EF Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by, Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by, CALFLO, heat transfer media, Calorically perfect gas, CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in, Carbon dioxide: Carbon disulfide: Carbon monoxide: Carbon steel: Carbon-manganese steels Carbon-molybdenum steels, Carbon tetrachloride: Carbonyl sulfide: Carboxylic acids: Carnot cycle in refrigeration, Carnot factor, Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian), Carryover of solids in fluidized beds, Cashman, B L, Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties, Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers, Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness, Cement kilns, CEN code for pressure vessels, Centrifugal dryer, Ceramics Certification of heat exchangers, Chan, S H, Channel emissivity, Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature, Chemical exergy, Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of, Chemical reaction fouling, Chen correlation for forced convective boiling, Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Chenoweth, J M, Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers, Chillers, construction features of, Chilton-Colburn analogy, Chisholm, D Chisholm correlations: Chlorine: Chloroacetic acid: Chlorobenzene: Chlorobutane: Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b): Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160): Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40): Chloropentane: 1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115): Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene): 1-Chloropropane: 2-Chloropropane: m-Chlorotoluene: o-Chlorotoluene: Chlorotrifluoroethylene: Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13) Chromium-molybdenum steels, Chudnovsky, Y, Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases, Church and Prausnitz methods: Churchill, S W, Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer: Churn flow, regions of occurrence of, Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial, Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code, Circulating fluidized beds, Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below, CISE correlations for void fractions, Clausius-Clapeyron relationship: Cleaning: Climbing film evaporator, Closed circuit cooling towers, Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds, Coatings for corrosion protection Cocurrent flow: Codes, mechanical design: Cogeneration Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation, Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks, Colburn j factor: Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe, Coles, law of the wake, Collier, J G, Combined free and forced convection heat transfer: Combined heat and mass transfer, Combining flow, loss coefficients in, Combustion model for furnaces, Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers) Compartment dryers, Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis: Compressed liquids, density of: Compressible flow: Compression, exergy analysis of Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes, Computer-aided design, of evaporators, Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer, Computer simulation, of fouling, Computer software for mechanical design, Concentration, choice of evaporator type for, Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in, Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers, Condensation: Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for, Condensation curves: Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation, Condensers:
condensate subcooling in, design procedures for
Pure Vapours and Mixtures Design Procedure inside tubes, outside tubes, overall,
discussion of types, fogging in fouling in, heat transfer in, in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems, introduction to, mean temperature difference in, operational problems in pressure drop in, reflux, design of, temperature patterns in, as type of heat exchanger, for use in association with evaporators,
Conduction, heat: Conductors, thermal conductivity of, Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for, Cones, vertical: Conical shells, mechanical design of: Conjugate radiation interactions Connors equation for fluid elastic instability, Conservation equations: Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point, Contact angle, Contact resistance: Continuity equation: Continuum model, for fluids, Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids, Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in: Control: Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction, Convection, interaction of radiation with, Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers, Convective heat transfer, single-phase: Conversion factors: Conveyor, gravity: Cooling curves, in condensation, Cooling towers: Cooling water fouling, Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling, Cooper, Anthony, Copper, thermal and mechanical properties, Copper alloys, Correlation, general nature of, Corresponding states principle Corrosion: Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers Costing of heat exchangers: Countercurrent flow: Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction, Cowie, R C, Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method, Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies, m-Cresol: o-Cresol: p-Cresol: Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels, Critical constants Critical density, of commonly used fluids, Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems, Critical heat flux: Critical pressure: Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection, Critical temperature: Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes, Critical volume (see also Critical density) Cross counterflow heat exchangers, Crossflow: Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers: Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in, Crystallization Crystallization fouling, Curved ducts: Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers, C-value method for heat exchanger costing, Cycling, of expansion bellows, Cyclobutane: Cyclohexane: Cyclohexanol: Cyclohexene: Cyclopentane: Cyclopentene: Cyclopropane: Cylinders: Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in, Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in, Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,

Index

HEDH
A B C
Cabin heater, Caetano, EF Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by, Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by, CALFLO, heat transfer media, Calorically perfect gas, CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in, Carbon dioxide: Carbon disulfide: Carbon monoxide: Carbon steel: Carbon-manganese steels Carbon-molybdenum steels, Carbon tetrachloride: Carbonyl sulfide: Carboxylic acids: Carnot cycle in refrigeration, Carnot factor, Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian), Carryover of solids in fluidized beds, Cashman, B L, Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties, Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers, Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness, Cement kilns, CEN code for pressure vessels, Centrifugal dryer, Ceramics Certification of heat exchangers, Chan, S H, Channel emissivity, Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature, Chemical exergy, Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of, Chemical reaction fouling, Chen correlation for forced convective boiling, Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Chenoweth, J M, Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers, Chillers, construction features of, Chilton-Colburn analogy, Chisholm, D Chisholm correlations: Chlorine: Chloroacetic acid: Chlorobenzene: Chlorobutane: Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22) 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b): Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160): Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40): Chloropentane: 1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115): Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene): 1-Chloropropane: 2-Chloropropane: m-Chlorotoluene: o-Chlorotoluene: Chlorotrifluoroethylene: Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13) Chromium-molybdenum steels, Chudnovsky, Y, Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases, Church and Prausnitz methods: Churchill, S W, Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer: Churn flow, regions of occurrence of, Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial, Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code, Circulating fluidized beds, Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below, CISE correlations for void fractions, Clausius-Clapeyron relationship: Cleaning: Climbing film evaporator, Closed circuit cooling towers, Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds, Coatings for corrosion protection Cocurrent flow: Codes, mechanical design: Cogeneration Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation, Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks, Colburn j factor: Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe, Coles, law of the wake, Collier, J G, Combined free and forced convection heat transfer: Combined heat and mass transfer, Combining flow, loss coefficients in, Combustion model for furnaces, Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers) Compartment dryers, Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis: Compressed liquids, density of: Compressible flow: Compression, exergy analysis of Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes, Computer-aided design, of evaporators, Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer, Computer simulation, of fouling, Computer software for mechanical design, Concentration, choice of evaporator type for, Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in, Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers, Condensation: Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for, Condensation curves: Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation, Condensers:
condensate subcooling in, design procedures for
Pure Vapours and Mixtures Design Procedure inside tubes, outside tubes, overall,
discussion of types, fogging in fouling in, heat transfer in, in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) systems, introduction to, mean temperature difference in, operational problems in pressure drop in, reflux, design of, temperature patterns in, as type of heat exchanger, for use in association with evaporators,
Conduction, heat: Conductors, thermal conductivity of, Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for, Cones, vertical: Conical shells, mechanical design of: Conjugate radiation interactions Connors equation for fluid elastic instability, Conservation equations: Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point, Contact angle, Contact resistance: Continuity equation: Continuum model, for fluids, Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids, Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in: Control: Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction, Convection, interaction of radiation with, Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers, Convective heat transfer, single-phase: Conversion factors: Conveyor, gravity: Cooling curves, in condensation, Cooling towers: Cooling water fouling, Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling, Cooper, Anthony, Copper, thermal and mechanical properties, Copper alloys, Correlation, general nature of, Corresponding states principle Corrosion: Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers Costing of heat exchangers: Countercurrent flow: Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction, Cowie, R C, Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method, Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies, m-Cresol: o-Cresol: p-Cresol: Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels, Critical constants Critical density, of commonly used fluids, Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems, Critical heat flux: Critical pressure: Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection, Critical temperature: Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes, Critical volume (see also Critical density) Cross counterflow heat exchangers, Crossflow: Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers: Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in, Crystallization Crystallization fouling, Curved ducts: Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers, C-value method for heat exchanger costing, Cycling, of expansion bellows, Cyclobutane: Cyclohexane: Cyclohexanol: Cyclohexene: Cyclopentane: Cyclopentene: Cyclopropane: Cylinders: Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in, Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in, Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
C Condensers: design procedures for
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Design Procedure

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000268

3.4.9 Design procedure

A. C. Mueller

A. Overall design procedure

All calculations start with an assumed design, which is then rated to determine its capacity. Suitable modifications are made to the assumed design in order to approach the required capacity and the final design. To obtain the assumed design, follow these steps:

  1. Determine suitable types of condensers. See Chart 1 and Chart 2 in Section 261.
  2. Determine the heat load.
  3. Select the coolant temperatures and calculate an overall logarithmic mean temperature difference.
  4. Estimate an overall coefficient from Table 1 or by prior experience using estimated individual coefficients.
  5. Calculate the area.
  6. Select a tube size, pitch, and length and determine the number of tubes, shell size, and baffling, if required.
  7. Steps 1 to 6 result in a guessed design. Three options are now available:
    • (a) Go to a computer program and rate. A number of trials may be required to obtain a final design.
    • (b) Make a preliminary hand calculation design by use of the approximate average condensing coefficient equations.
    • (c) After step 7(b), proceed to use the stepwise calculations and equations or go to the computer programs for final checking. After doing step 7(b), the number of trials on the computer should be substantially less than in 7(a).

Table 1 Overall coefficients for estimating condensers

a Based on 50-mm tubes with 16–18-mm-high aluminum fins with spacing of 2.5–3 mm. Coefficients are based on tube area.
VaporCoolantU, W/m2 K
AlcoholWater550–1,100
DowthermTall oil340–450
DowthermDowtherm450–680
High-boiling hydrocarbons under vacuumWater100–280
Low-boiling hydrocarbonsWater450–1,140
HydrocarbonsOil140–230
Organic solventsWater550–1,140
KeroseneWater170–370
KeroseneOil110–170
NaphthaWater280–430
NaphthaOil110–170
SteamFeed water2,200–5,700
Vegetable oilsWater110–280
Organic-steam, azeotropeWater220–450
Air coolers a
SteamAir730–800
AmmoniaAir550–680
Light hydrocarbonsAir450–540
Light naphthaAir400–450
FreonsAir340–450
Heavy naphthaAir340–400

Note that condensers can be designed to perform the required duty that have unacceptable physical dimensions, for example, very short but large-diameter shells. Thus condenser design involves not only duty performance but also an economic consideration and suitable physical arrangements for plant installations. Thus, there is no one correct design.

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