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F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Thermal Design
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000278
3.6.2 Thermal design
J. W. Palen
A. Kettle, internal, and horizontal thermosiphon reboilers
Kettle, internal, and horizontal thermosiphon reboilers are similar in that heat is transferred to a vaporizing two-phase mixture flowing across a tube bundle. Nucleate and convective boiling mechanisms both take part in the boiling process. For kettle reboilers, convective circulation takes place in an enlarged shell with mostly vapor going overhead. For the thermosiphon, a two-phase mixture is discharged from the reboiler and convective circulation involves the external piping and liquid reservoir. Nevertheless, the heat transfer processes are essentially the same in both types, so thermal design is covered in the same section. The following elements are important.
(a) Single-tube nucleate boiling
The nucleate boiling mechanism has considerable influence on the behavior of kettle and horizontal thermosiphon reboilers, so a correlation for nucleate boiling on single tubes is a necessary (but not sufficient) component of the design calculations For a more detailed discussion of nucleate boiling theory, refer to Section 2.7.2.
The nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient can be described by either of the two following forms, both of which may be convenient in different types of calculations:
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