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Damage, sources of heat exchangers
Damkohler number:
Damping:
Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling,
Decal, heat transfer medium,
Decane:
1-Decanol:
1-Decene:
Degradation temperature, of polymers,
Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators,
Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow,
Density:
Deposition of droplets in annular flow
Deposition in fouling,
Desalination plants:
Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators,
Developing flow in ducts:
Dew-poin corrosion,
Diathermanous fluid,
1,1-Dibromoethane:
Dibromomethane:
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2):
Dibutylamine:
Dibutyl ether:
Dichloroacetic acid:
o-Dichlorobenzene:
Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12)
1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a):
1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150):
1,1-Dichloroethylene:
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21)
Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30):
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123)
Dielectric constant, of water,
Diethylamine:
n,n-Diethylaniline:
Diethylene glycol:
Diethyl ether:
Diethyl ketone:
Diethylsulfide:
Differential condensation:
Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation,
Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design,
Differential vector operators in heat conduction,
Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces,
Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between,
Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in,
Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Diffusion, in multi-component condensation,
n,n-Diffusion coefficients:
1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a):
Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32):
Diiodomethane:
Diisobutylamine:
Diisopropylamine:
Diisopropylether:
Dimensional analysis:
Dimensionless groups:
Dimethylacetylene:
Dimethylamine:
Dimethylaniline:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
2,3-Dimethylbutane:
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane:
Dimethylether:
Dimethylketone:
2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane):
Dimethylsulfide:
Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with,
1,4-Dioxane:
Diphenyl:
Diphenylamine:
Diphenylether:
Diphenylmethane:
Dipropyl ether:
Diisopropyl ether:
Dipropyl ketone:
Direct contact heat exchangers
Direct contact heat transfer,
Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence,
Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method,
Dished heads:
Discretization in numerical analysis:
Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers,
Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined,
Dispersants, for fouling control,
Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid),
Dissipation of turbulent energy,
Distillation:
Distribution:
Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer,
Dividing flow, loss coefficients in,
Dodecane:
1-Dodecene:
Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Double-pipe heat exchangers:
Double segmental baffled heat exchangers,
Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from,
Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid,
Dowtherm A:
Dowtherm J:
Dowtherms, as heat transfer media,
Drag coefficient:
Drag force:
Drag reduction,
Drainage, of condensate,
Dreitser, G,
Drift flux model for two-phase flows,
Drogemuller, P,
Droplets:
Dropwise condensation
Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation),
Dryers:
Drying loft,
Drying rates, prediction of,
Dryout:
Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in,
Duplex stainless steels,
Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow,
Dynamically stable foam,
Dyphyl, heat transfer media,
Dzyubenko, B,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers
Damkohler number:
Damping:
Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling,
Decal, heat transfer medium,
Decane:
1-Decanol:
1-Decene:
Degradation temperature, of polymers,
Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators,
Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow,
Density:
Deposition of droplets in annular flow
Deposition in fouling,
Desalination plants:
Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators,
Developing flow in ducts:
Dew-poin corrosion,
Diathermanous fluid,
1,1-Dibromoethane:
Dibromomethane:
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2):
Dibutylamine:
Dibutyl ether:
Dichloroacetic acid:
o-Dichlorobenzene:
Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12)
1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a):
1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150):
1,1-Dichloroethylene:
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21)
Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30):
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123)
Dielectric constant, of water,
Diethylamine:
n,n-Diethylaniline:
Diethylene glycol:
Diethyl ether:
Diethyl ketone:
Diethylsulfide:
Differential condensation:
Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation,
Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design,
Differential vector operators in heat conduction,
Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces,
Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between,
Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in,
Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Diffusion, in multi-component condensation,
n,n-Diffusion coefficients:
1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a):
Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32):
Diiodomethane:
Diisobutylamine:
Diisopropylamine:
Diisopropylether:
Dimensional analysis:
Dimensionless groups:
Dimethylacetylene:
Dimethylamine:
Dimethylaniline:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
2,3-Dimethylbutane:
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane:
Dimethylether:
Dimethylketone:
2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane):
Dimethylsulfide:
Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with,
1,4-Dioxane:
Diphenyl:
Diphenylamine:
Diphenylether:
Diphenylmethane:
Dipropyl ether:
Diisopropyl ether:
Dipropyl ketone:
Direct contact heat exchangers
Direct contact heat transfer,
Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence,
Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method,
Dished heads:
Discretization in numerical analysis:
Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers,
Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined,
Dispersants, for fouling control,
Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid),
Dissipation of turbulent energy,
Distillation:
Distribution:
Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer,
Dividing flow, loss coefficients in,
Dodecane:
1-Dodecene:
Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Double-pipe heat exchangers:
Double segmental baffled heat exchangers,
Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from,
Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid,
Dowtherm A:
Dowtherm J:
Dowtherms, as heat transfer media,
Drag coefficient:
Drag force:
Drag reduction,
Drainage, of condensate,
Dreitser, G,
Drift flux model for two-phase flows,
Drogemuller, P,
Droplets:
Dropwise condensation
Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation),
Dryers:
Drying loft,
Drying rates, prediction of,
Dryout:
Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in,
Duplex stainless steels,
Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow,
Dynamically stable foam,
Dyphyl, heat transfer media,
Dzyubenko, B,
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Classification and Selection
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000331
3.13.2 Classification and selection
Ernst U. Schlünder
Among the various requirements that determine the design concept of a dryer, the transportation of the product through the dryer may be very important, since it is closely related to the residence time. Second, the initial state of the product (liquid, paste, solid, powder, granular, sheet, etc.) also influences the design concept to a great extent. Therefore a matrix is presented in Table 1 that correlates the residence time and the initial state of the product (liquid to solid).
Table 1 Classification of dryers with respect to the physical state of the product and the residence time of the product in the dryer
| Residence Time | Wet, moist material | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid | Paste | Solid | ||||
| Powdery | Granular | Clumpy | Sheet | |||
| Short (< 1 min) | Spray dryer | Spray dryer | Flash dryer | Flash dryer | Flash dryer | Cylindrical dryer |
| Drum dryer | Drum dryer | Grinding dryer | (Grinding dryer) | |||
| (Agitated film dryer) | (Agitated film dryer) | |||||
| Moderate (1 min–1 h) | Screw conveyer dryer | Continuous band dryer | Continuous band dryer | |||
| Paddle dryer | Roto louver dryer | |||||
| Horizontal cylindrical dryer | Vibrating dryer | |||||
| (Kneading dryer) | Kneading dryer | |||||
| Vibrating dryer | Fluidized-bed dryer | |||||
| Rotating shelf dryer | Rotating shelf dryer | Rotating shelf dryer | Rotating shelf dryer | |||
| Pan dryer | ||||||
| Plate dryer | ||||||
| (Paddle dryer) | Paddle dryer | Paddle dryer | ||||
| Horizontal cylindrical dryer | Horizontal cylindrical dryer | Horizontal cylindrical dryer | ||||
| Steam-tube rotary dryer | Steam-tube rotary dryer | |||||
| Rotary dryer (with lifters) | Rotary dryer (with lifters) | Rotary dryer (with lifters) | ||||
| Long (> 1h) | Tray dryer | Tray dryer | Tray dryer | Tray dryer | ||
| Truck dryer | Truck dryer | Truck dryer | Truck dryer | |||
| Tunnel dryer | Tunnel dryer | Tunnel dryer | Tunnel dryer | |||
| Continuous band dryer | ||||||
A brief description of various types of dryers, including some indication of the specific energy consumption per kilogram of evaporated water, is also given in Table 2.
Table 2 Capacity and energy consumption for various types of dryers
| a Figure 1 – Figure 15 show more or less schematically the design of the various types of dryers in common use. | |||
| Figure a | Type | Evaporation rate, kg H2O/h per m2 or per m3 | Energy consumption, kJ/kg evaporated H2O |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drying loft | 20/m2 | 5,000–6,000 |
| 2 | Compartment dryer (normal pressure) | 0.1–15/m2 | 5,000–13,000 |
| 3 | Compartment dryer (vacuum) | 0.1–1/m2 | 3,000–5,000 |
| 4 | Tunnel dryer | 5,500–6,500 | |
| 5 | Band dryer | 4,000–6,000 | |
| 6 | Jet impingement dryer | 50/m2 | 5,000–7,000 |
| 7 | Shelf dryer | 4–8/m2 | 3,500–9,000 |
| 8 | Rotary dryer | 30–80/m3 | 4,600–9,200 |
| 9 | Centrifugal dryer | 90/m3 | 3,000–4,000 |
| 10 | Fluidized-bed dryer | ||
| 11 | Pneumatic bed dryer | Particle diameter dp = 0.5 mm: 100/m3 dp = 1 mm: 20/m3 dp = 5 mm: 4/m3 | 4,600–9,200 |
| 12 | Spiral-tube dryer | 500/m3 | 3,500 |
| 13 | Spray dryer | 1–50/m3 | 4,600–11,500 |
| 14 | Drum dryer for pasty materials | 7–25/m2 | 3,200–6,500 |
| 15 | Holoflite dryer | 5–15/m2 (0.5–2.5 low moisture content) | 3,700–6,500 |
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