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F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Classification and Selection
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000331
3.13.2 Classification and selection
Ernst U. Schlünder
Among the various requirements that determine the design concept of a dryer, the transportation of the product through the dryer may be very important, since it is closely related to the residence time. Second, the initial state of the product (liquid, paste, solid, powder, granular, sheet, etc.) also influences the design concept to a great extent. Therefore a matrix is presented in Table 1 that correlates the residence time and the initial state of the product (liquid to solid).
Table 1 Classification of dryers with respect to the physical state of the product and the residence time of the product in the dryer
| Residence Time | Wet, moist material | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid | Paste | Solid | ||||
| Powdery | Granular | Clumpy | Sheet | |||
| Short (< 1 min) | Spray dryer | Spray dryer | Flash dryer | Flash dryer | Flash dryer | Cylindrical dryer |
| Drum dryer | Drum dryer | Grinding dryer | (Grinding dryer) | |||
| (Agitated film dryer) | (Agitated film dryer) | |||||
| Moderate (1 min–1 h) | Screw conveyer dryer | Continuous band dryer | Continuous band dryer | |||
| Paddle dryer | Roto louver dryer | |||||
| Horizontal cylindrical dryer | Vibrating dryer | |||||
| (Kneading dryer) | Kneading dryer | |||||
| Vibrating dryer | Fluidized-bed dryer | |||||
| Rotating shelf dryer | Rotating shelf dryer | Rotating shelf dryer | Rotating shelf dryer | |||
| Pan dryer | ||||||
| Plate dryer | ||||||
| (Paddle dryer) | Paddle dryer | Paddle dryer | ||||
| Horizontal cylindrical dryer | Horizontal cylindrical dryer | Horizontal cylindrical dryer | ||||
| Steam-tube rotary dryer | Steam-tube rotary dryer | |||||
| Rotary dryer (with lifters) | Rotary dryer (with lifters) | Rotary dryer (with lifters) | ||||
| Long (> 1h) | Tray dryer | Tray dryer | Tray dryer | Tray dryer | ||
| Truck dryer | Truck dryer | Truck dryer | Truck dryer | |||
| Tunnel dryer | Tunnel dryer | Tunnel dryer | Tunnel dryer | |||
| Continuous band dryer | ||||||
A brief description of various types of dryers, including some indication of the specific energy consumption per kilogram of evaporated water, is also given in Table 2.
Table 2 Capacity and energy consumption for various types of dryers
| a Figure 1 – Figure 15 show more or less schematically the design of the various types of dryers in common use. | |||
| Figure a | Type | Evaporation rate, kg H2O/h per m2 or per m3 | Energy consumption, kJ/kg evaporated H2O |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drying loft | 20/m2 | 5,000–6,000 |
| 2 | Compartment dryer (normal pressure) | 0.1–15/m2 | 5,000–13,000 |
| 3 | Compartment dryer (vacuum) | 0.1–1/m2 | 3,000–5,000 |
| 4 | Tunnel dryer | 5,500–6,500 | |
| 5 | Band dryer | 4,000–6,000 | |
| 6 | Jet impingement dryer | 50/m2 | 5,000–7,000 |
| 7 | Shelf dryer | 4–8/m2 | 3,500–9,000 |
| 8 | Rotary dryer | 30–80/m3 | 4,600–9,200 |
| 9 | Centrifugal dryer | 90/m3 | 3,000–4,000 |
| 10 | Fluidized-bed dryer | ||
| 11 | Pneumatic bed dryer | Particle diameter dp = 0.5 mm: 100/m3 dp = 1 mm: 20/m3 dp = 5 mm: 4/m3 | 4,600–9,200 |
| 12 | Spiral-tube dryer | 500/m3 | 3,500 |
| 13 | Spray dryer | 1–50/m3 | 4,600–11,500 |
| 14 | Drum dryer for pasty materials | 7–25/m2 | 3,200–6,500 |
| 15 | Holoflite dryer | 5–15/m2 (0.5–2.5 low moisture content) | 3,700–6,500 |
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