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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
Overview and Summary
biofouling,
chemical reaction fouling,
classification of types of,
cleaning of fouled heat exchangers,
combined fouling modes,
corrosion fouling,
crystallisation fouling,
design of heat exchangers for fouling conditions,
deposition and removal processes,
effects of variables on fouling rate,
environmental impact of,
fouling mitigation,
fouling potential of heat exchangers,
fouling resistance, definition of,
in the nuclear industry,
measurement and modelling of
of titanium and titanium alloys,
particulate fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
F-correction method:
F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations,
F-factor method:
F-type shells:
Fabrication:
Failure modes of heat exchangers,
Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in,
Falling film evaporator:
Fanno flow,
Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers:
Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger
Fatigue life, of expansion bellows,
Fawcett, R
Fedor's method, for critical temperature,
Fenghour, A
Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction,
Fick's law for diffusion,
Film boiling:
Film model, condenser design by
Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate,
Films in heat exchangers,
Filmwise condensation:
Fincotherm, heat transfer medium,
Finite-difference equations:
Finite difference methods:
Finite-element methods:
Fins (see also Extended surfaces):
Fire-tube boiler,
Fired heaters,
Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in,
Firsova, E V,
Fixed beds:
Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers:
Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers,
Flash evaporation
Flat absorber of thermal radiation,
Flat heads:
Flat plate:
Flat reflector of thermal radiation,
Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration,
Flooding phenomena:
Flow distribution:
Flow-induced vibration,
Flow regimes:
Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers,
Flue gases, fouling by,
Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration,
Fluid flow, lost work in,
Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for,
Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds,
Fluidized bed dryer:
Fluidized bed gravity conveyors,
Fluidized beds:
Fluids:
Fluorine:
Fluorobenzene:
Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161):
Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41):
Fluted tubes:
Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces,
Flux relationships in heat exchangers,
Fogging in condensation
Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Forced flow reboilers:
Formaldehyde:
Formamide:
Formic acid:
Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling,
Fouling,
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Overview and Summary
biofouling,
chemical reaction fouling,
classification of types of,
cleaning of fouled heat exchangers,
combined fouling modes,
corrosion fouling,
crystallisation fouling,
design of heat exchangers for fouling conditions,
deposition and removal processes,
effects of variables on fouling rate,
environmental impact of,
fouling mitigation,
fouling potential of heat exchangers,
fouling resistance, definition of,
in the nuclear industry,
measurement and modelling of
of titanium and titanium alloys,
particulate fouling,
Foam systems, heat transfer in,
Four phase flows, examples,
Fourier law for conduction
Fourier number (Fo):
Frames for plate heat exchangers,
France, guide to national practice for mechanical design,
Free convection:
Free-fall velocity, of particles,
Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders,
Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers,
Freezing, of condensate in condensers
Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation,
Fretting corrosion,
Friction factor:
Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow:
Friction velocity, definition,
Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels,
Froude number:
Fuels, properties of,
Fuller, R K,
Furan:
Furfural:
Furnaces:
Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
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Types of Fouling
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000358
3.17.2 Types of fouling
Norman Epstein
A. Methods of classifying types of fouling
There is more than one way to classify the types of fouling which occur on heat transfer surfaces. One can classify, according to the type of heat transfer service, which is being provided, (e.g. change-of-phase (boiling, condensation) vs. sensible (heating, cooling) vs. chemical reaction (endothermic, exothermic) heat transfer); according to the type of fluid, which is causing the fouling, e.g. aqueous solutions, petroleum fractions, flue gases, etc.; according to the type of equipment undergoing fouling, e.g. plain vs. extended vs. enhanced heat transfer surfaces, tubular vs. plate vs. spiral heat exchangers, etc.; according to the type of phase interface involved, e.g. liquid-solid, gas-solid, gas-liquid-solid; according to the type of industry in which the fouling occurs; and according to the key chemical/physical mechanism giving rise to the fouling. Here the focus is primarily on the last mentioned method of classification, on the grounds that a mechanistic approach gives rise to greater insight and generalization. Differences involved with different phase interfaces and with different industry groups will also be briefly discussed.
B. Types of fouling according to key mechanism
(a) Crystallization fouling
This broad category, which connotes nucleation and crystal growth on the heat transfer surface, is conveniently subdivided into precipitation fouling and solidification fouling:
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