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Packaged units, specification of,
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers,
Packings, for cooling towers
Packings, for fixed beds:
Packinox heat exchanger,
Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with,
Palen, J W
Panchal, C B,
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:
Paraldehyde:
Parallel channel instability, in condensers,
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer,
Participating media, radiation interaction in,
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds,
Particle emissivity,
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds,
Particles:
Particulate fluidization,
Particulate fouling,
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Passes, tube side,
Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for:
PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Peacock, D K,
Pearson number,
Peclet number
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons,
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases,
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):
Pentadecane:
Pentadecene:
Pentadiene 1, 2:
Pentadiene 1, trans 3:
Pentadiene 1, 4:
Pentadiene 2-3:
Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125)
Pentamethylbenzene:
Pentane:
Pentanoic acid:
1-Pentanol:
1-Pentene:
cis-2-Pentene:
trans-2-Pentene:
Pentylacetate:
Pentylbenzene:
Pentylcyclohexane:
Pentylcyclopentane:
Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties,
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers,
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in,
Periodic operation, of regenerator,
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with,
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks,
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer,
Phase change number,
Phase equilibrium:
Phase inversion
Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems,
Phenol:
Phenols:
Phenylhydrazine:
Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids,
Phosgene:
Physical properties:
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis,
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design,
Pioro, I L
Pioro, LS,
Pipe leads,
Piperidine:
Pipes, circular:
Pipes, noncircular:
Piping components:
Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels,
Planck's constant,
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation,
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in,
Plastic deformation
Plate fin heat exchangers
Plate fins, efficiency,
Plate heat exchangers:
Plate evaporator
Plates:
Plug flow:
Plug flow model, for furnaces,
Pneumatic conveyance,
Pneumatic conveying dryer,
P-NTU method:
Polarization, of thermal radiation,
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media,
Polymers:
Pool boiling,
Porous surfaces:
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Portable fouling unit,
Poskas, P,
Postdryout heat transfer:
Powders:
Power law fluid (non-Newtonian),
Power plant:
Prandtl number
Precipitation (crystallization) fouling,
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels,
Pressure coefficient:
Pressure control of condensers,
Pressure drop:
Pressure gradient:
Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445,
Pressure testing,
Pressure vessels, principle codes for,
Pressurised water reactor, fouling in,
Printed circuit heat exchanger,
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis,
Process heaters:
Progressive plastic deformation
Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from,
Promoters, in dropwise condensation,
Propadiene:
Propane:
1-Propanol:
2-Propanol:
Propeller agitator,
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property
Propionaldehyde:
Propionic acid:
Propionic anhydride:
Proprionitrile:
Propyl acetate:
Propylamine:
Propylbenzene:
Propylcyclohexane:
Propylcyclopentane:
Propylene:
1,3-Propylene glycol:
Propylene oxide:
Propyl formate:
Propyl propionate:
Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudocritical pressure,
Pseudocritical tempertaure,
Pugh, S F
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer,
Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler,
Pumping, lost work in,
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes,
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from,
Pyridine:
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Packaged units, specification of,
Packing characteristic, in cooling towers,
Packings, for cooling towers
Packings, for fixed beds:
Packinox heat exchanger,
Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with,
Palen, J W
Panchal, C B,
Paraffins, normal and isonormal:
Paraldehyde:
Parallel channel instability, in condensers,
Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer,
Participating media, radiation interaction in,
Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds,
Particle emissivity,
Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds,
Particles:
Particulate fluidization,
Particulate fouling,
Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Passes, tube side,
Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for:
PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to,
Peacock, D K,
Pearson number,
Peclet number
Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons,
Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases,
Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120):
Pentadecane:
Pentadecene:
Pentadiene 1, 2:
Pentadiene 1, trans 3:
Pentadiene 1, 4:
Pentadiene 2-3:
Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125)
Pentamethylbenzene:
Pentane:
Pentanoic acid:
1-Pentanol:
1-Pentene:
cis-2-Pentene:
trans-2-Pentene:
Pentylacetate:
Pentylbenzene:
Pentylcyclohexane:
Pentylcyclopentane:
Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties,
Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers,
Perforated plates, loss coefficients in,
Periodic operation, of regenerator,
Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with,
PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks,
Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer,
Phase change number,
Phase equilibrium:
Phase inversion
Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems,
Phenol:
Phenols:
Phenylhydrazine:
Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids,
Phosgene:
Physical properties:
Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis,
Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design,
Pioro, I L
Pioro, LS,
Pipe leads,
Piperidine:
Pipes, circular:
Pipes, noncircular:
Piping components:
Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels,
Planck's constant,
Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation,
Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in,
Plastic deformation
Plate fin heat exchangers
Plate fins, efficiency,
Plate heat exchangers:
Plate evaporator
Plates:
Plug flow:
Plug flow model, for furnaces,
Pneumatic conveyance,
Pneumatic conveying dryer,
P-NTU method:
Polarization, of thermal radiation,
Polyglycols, as heat transfer media,
Polymers:
Pool boiling,
Porous surfaces:
Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers,
Portable fouling unit,
Poskas, P,
Postdryout heat transfer:
Powders:
Power law fluid (non-Newtonian),
Power plant:
Prandtl number
Precipitation (crystallization) fouling,
Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels,
Pressure coefficient:
Pressure control of condensers,
Pressure drop:
Pressure gradient:
Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445,
Pressure testing,
Pressure vessels, principle codes for,
Pressurised water reactor, fouling in,
Printed circuit heat exchanger,
Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis,
Process heaters:
Progressive plastic deformation
Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from,
Promoters, in dropwise condensation,
Propadiene:
Propane:
1-Propanol:
2-Propanol:
Propeller agitator,
Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property
Propionaldehyde:
Propionic acid:
Propionic anhydride:
Proprionitrile:
Propyl acetate:
Propylamine:
Propylbenzene:
Propylcyclohexane:
Propylcyclopentane:
Propylene:
1,3-Propylene glycol:
Propylene oxide:
Propyl formate:
Propyl propionate:
Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids,
Pseudocritical pressure,
Pseudocritical tempertaure,
Pugh, S F
Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer,
Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler,
Pumping, lost work in,
Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes,
Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from,
Pyridine:
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Fouling in Nuclear Industry
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000365
3.17 FOULING IN HEAT EXCHANGERS
3.17.9 Fouling in nuclear industry
D. H. Lister and C. W. Turner
A. Introduction
A commercial nuclear power reactor essentially consists of heat-transfer systems for converting the energy of fissioning uranium to electricity via a conventional steam-turbine cycle. The predominant type of reactor is water-cooled, in which the fission heat generated in the fuel is removed by water and transferred to steam. Such use of water as coolant raises the possibility that the systems can become subject to several fouling phenomena. As described in this article, some of those phenomena are found only in nuclear systems because of their unique characteristics.
The reactors described here are of two types: indirect-cycle, comprising the pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs - more specifically, those of the CANDU ∗ ® design), and direct-cycle, comprising the boiling water reactors (BWRs). The indirect-cycle reactors have a primary coolant system to transfer heat from the reactor core to heat exchangers or steam generators where the secondary coolant boils to produce steam for the turbines, while the direct-cycle reactors have the water coolant boiling directly to steam in the core itself. Besides the primary and steam circuits, other water systems such as the condenser cooling, the various ancillary heat exchangers around the reactor and, in the CANDU alone, the separate moderator system, can experience fouling. The inexorable processes of corrosion are very much responsible.
B. Primary Heat Transport System
(a) Pressurized Water Reactors
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