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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers: Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia:
liquid properties, saturation properties, superheated gaseous: transport properties of gas at elevated pressure, use in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion systems (OTEC),
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection: Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of

Index

HEDH
A
Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers: Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia:
liquid properties, saturation properties, superheated gaseous: transport properties of gas at elevated pressure, use in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion systems (OTEC),
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection: Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A Ammonia: use in Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion systems (OTEC),
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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000385

3.22 FLASH EVAPORATION
3.22.3 Ocean thermal energy conversion

H. El-Dessouky and H. Ettouney

Oceans cover more than two-thirds of the earth’s surface. The salt water of the oceans accounts for more than 96.5% of the total water available on the plant with a total volume of 1.338×109 km3. On daily basis the surface area of the oceans around the equatorial region receive large and nearly constant amount of solar energy. The depth of the surface layer varies between 35–100 m. Winds and waves provide good mixing within this layer and maintain a uniform temperature and water salinity. As a result, the surface temperature remains constant throughout the year and provides a sustainable source of energy.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) converts the absorbed solar energy by the surface ocean water into electrical power. The temperature difference of the warm surface water and the cold ocean water may be used to operate power-producing cycles and desalinated water. It is necessary to have a temperature difference of more than 20 °C to generate significant amount of power. This temperature difference is found throughout the year in the area bound by the 32° N to the 25° S of the Equator. In this region, the surface seawater temperature remains constant over a range of 25–30 °C, while the deep seawater temperature at 800 to 1,000 m depth may vary over a range of 5–10 °C.

The power producing cycle of OTEC is based on evaporation of a low boiling liquid using the warm seawater; such liquids include ammonia and a number of refrigerants. The formed vapor should have high pressure, which is used to drive the power turbines and consequently generate electricity. The low-pressure vapor is then condensed using the low temperature ocean water, which is pumped from 1,000 m depth. The OTEC process can also be accompanied with a number of other applications including air conditioning, desalination, and cold-water aqua cultures.

There is enough solar energy received and stored in the warm tropical ocean surface layer to provide most, if not all, of present human energy needs. The OTEC has limited environmental effects, especially if the produced power is limited to 0.19 MW/km2, which corresponds to conversion of 0.07% of the average absorbed solar energy to electricity. The following sections cover various elements of the OTEC process and start with process features, historical overview, types of processes, the flashing process, heat transfer equipment, system model, and account of field data and conceptual designs.

A. Features of OTEC

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