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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling,
Eckert number,
Eddy viscosity:
Eddy diffusivity, of heat,
Edge, D,
Edwards, D K
EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers,
Effective diffusivity,
Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds,
Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Effectiveness of a heat exchanger:
Efficiency of fins,
Eicosane:
Eicosene:
Ejectors, in flash distillation plant,
EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows
Elastic properties of solids:
El-Dessouky, H,
Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation,
Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials,
Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation,
Electrical process heater, specification of,
Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems,
Electromagnetic theory of radiation,
Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer,
Elements:
Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer,
Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases,
Embittlement, of stainless steels,
Emission of thermal radiation, in solids,
Emissivity:
Emitting media, interaction phenomena with,
Emulsions, viscosity of,
EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to,
Enclosures:
Energy equation:
Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design,
Enhanced surfaces, fouling in,
Enhancement devices:
Enlargements in pipes:
Enthalpy:
Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow
Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer:
Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow,
Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger,
Entry losses in plate heat exchangers,
Entropy generation and minimisation
Environmental impact, of fouling,
Eotvos number:
Epstein, N,
Epstein matrix, for fouling,
Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows,
Equilibrium interphase:
Equilibrium vapor nucleus,
Equivalent sand roughness,
Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds
ESDU correlations:
Esters:
Ethane:
Ethanol:
Ethers:
Ethyl acetate:
Ethylacetylene:
Ethylacrylate:
Ethylamine:
Ethylbenzene:
Ethyl benzoate:
Ethyl butanoate:
Ethylcyclohexane:
Ethylcyclopentane:
Ethyl formate:
Ethylene:
Ethylene diamine:
Ethylene glycol:
Ethylene oxide:
Ethylmercaptan:
1-Ethylnaphthalene:
2-Ethylnaphthalene:
Ethyl proprionate:
Ethyl propylether:
Ettouney, H,
Euler number:
Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids,
Evaporation:
Evaporative crystallisers,
Evaporators:
Exergy, definition of,
Exergy analysis,
Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger,
Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for
Expansion joints, mechanical design of:
Expansion of tubes into tube sheets:
Expansion turbine, lost work in,
Explosively clad plate,
Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets
Explosive expansion joints,
Extended surfaces (see also Fins)
Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers,
Extinction coefficient,
Extinction efficiency,
Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling,
Eckert number,
Eddy viscosity:
Eddy diffusivity, of heat,
Edge, D,
Edwards, D K
EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers,
Effective diffusivity,
Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds,
Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Effectiveness of a heat exchanger:
Efficiency of fins,
Eicosane:
Eicosene:
Ejectors, in flash distillation plant,
EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows
Elastic properties of solids:
El-Dessouky, H,
Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation,
Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials,
Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation,
Electrical process heater, specification of,
Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems,
Electromagnetic theory of radiation,
Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer,
Elements:
Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer,
Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases,
Embittlement, of stainless steels,
Emission of thermal radiation, in solids,
Emissivity:
Emitting media, interaction phenomena with,
Emulsions, viscosity of,
EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to,
Enclosures:
Energy equation:
Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design,
Enhanced surfaces, fouling in,
Enhancement devices:
Enlargements in pipes:
Enthalpy:
Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow
Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer:
Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow,
Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger,
Entry losses in plate heat exchangers,
Entropy generation and minimisation
Environmental impact, of fouling,
Eotvos number:
Epstein, N,
Epstein matrix, for fouling,
Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows,
Equilibrium interphase:
Equilibrium vapor nucleus,
Equivalent sand roughness,
Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds
ESDU correlations:
Esters:
Ethane:
Ethanol:
Ethers:
Ethyl acetate:
Ethylacetylene:
Ethylacrylate:
Ethylamine:
Ethylbenzene:
Ethyl benzoate:
Ethyl butanoate:
Ethylcyclohexane:
Ethylcyclopentane:
Ethyl formate:
Ethylene:
Ethylene diamine:
Ethylene glycol:
Ethylene oxide:
Ethylmercaptan:
1-Ethylnaphthalene:
2-Ethylnaphthalene:
Ethyl proprionate:
Ethyl propylether:
Ettouney, H,
Euler number:
Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids,
Evaporation:
Evaporative crystallisers,
Evaporators:
Exergy, definition of,
Exergy analysis,
Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger,
Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for
Expansion joints, mechanical design of:
Expansion of tubes into tube sheets:
Expansion turbine, lost work in,
Explosively clad plate,
Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets
Explosive expansion joints,
Extended surfaces (see also Fins)
Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers,
Extinction coefficient,
Extinction efficiency,
Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Mechanical Design Codes
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000418
4.3 SHELL-AND-TUBE DESIGN CODES
4.3.1 Mechanical design codes
M. Morris
A. Introduction
Pressure vessel codes or standards, which cover much of the mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, are usually used voluntarily or under the terms of a contract. In some countries they also fulfil statutory or regulatory functions; indeed in several countries the national code is legally enforced, and compliance with the code is mandatory for items supplied to that country, whether built there or imported. Table 1 shows the principal codes covering heat exchanger design, the approving organisations, regulations and other acceptable codes applicable in a range of countries. A more complete list covering 117 countries is given in British Standards Institution (2006).
Table 1 Principal pressure vessel codes
| Country | National code | Approving organization | Regulations | Other acceptable codes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | – | Ministère de l’Emploi et du Travail | Arrête Royal of 17 Feb 1980 | Any that satisfy legal requirements |
| Czech Republic | CSN Standards | Český Úřad Bezpečnosti Práce | Act No 22/1997 | Subject to negotiation |
| Denmark | – | Arbejdstilsynet Direcktoratet | Regulations Order No 746 of 26/11/87 | BS, ASME, Merkblätter. Swedish |
| France | CODAP 95 | DRIRE/APPAVE | JO 1498-I * (1990) JO 1498-II * (1991) JO 1498-IV * (1992) | – |
| F.R.Germany | A.D.Merkblätter | RUV-TUV | Equipment Safety Law (GSG), Druckbeh v * | – |
| Hungary | MSZ | Allami Energetikai és Energiabiztonság technikai Felugyelet | PV Safety Regulations | BS, Merkblätter, ASME |
| Italy | ANCC | Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro | R D 12.5 1927 n 842 D.M.21.11.1971 | – |
| Japan | JIS B 8249 | Ministry of Labour Industrial Safety Division | Code 33 30/9/72 | – |
| Netherlands | Rules for PVs | Stoomwezen | Steam Act and Decree 1953 | – |
| Norway | General rules for PVs | Direktoratet for Arbeidstilsynet | Act of Protection of Workers | – |
| Poland | UDT | Urzad Dozoru Technicznego | Act of Parliament 19-11-1987 | BS, ASME, TEMA |
| Russian Federation | GOST standards | Gospromatomnadzor UI | Gosgortechnadzor | By negotiation |
| Spain | See regulations | Ministry of Industry and Energy | Royal Decree 1244 | Any that satisfy legal requirements |
| Sweden | Swedish PV Code | SAQ Inspection | AFS 1990-15 | – |
| United Kingdom | BS 5500, BS 5169 | HSE | Factories Act 1961 Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations | Any that meet legal requirements |
| United States | ASME | Varies for each state | Varies for each state | – |
In order to ensure the integrity of the equipment and thus public safety, some of the above regulations require as part of the process of allowing a vessel or heat exchanger to be used in the country, that the design and construction are vetted by an independent inspector. The use of approved QA systems or of independent inspections are also embodied into some codes and standards to provide the assurance of compliance with the code and thus the provision of the integrity demanded by the risks associated with certain industrial processes.
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