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Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers:
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Mechanical design of air-cooled heat exchangers for cold climates and viscous fluid, components, nomenclature for, structural design factors,
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Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia: tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection: Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of

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HEDH
A
Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers:
costing, description, fouling in, mechanical design,
Mechanical design of air-cooled heat exchangers for cold climates and viscous fluid, components, nomenclature for, structural design factors,
specification of,
Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia: tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection: Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A Air-cooled heat exchangers: mechanical design,
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Mechanical design of air-cooled heat exchangers

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000427

4.4.1 Mechanical design of air-cooled heat exchangers

K. V. Shipes

A. Introduction

Air-cooled heal exchangers represent a growing segment of equipment being applied in the heat transfer field. It is quite common, these days, for air-cooled heat exchangers to handle more than half the heat dissipation load in a refinery or petrochemical plant. This rapid growth has occurred because of certain advantages inherent in air-cooled heat exchangers as compared to shell-and-tube or other types of heat exchangers. Some of the advantages are the following:

  1. The heat exchangers can be located at any point within a refinery, thus eliminating long pipe runs for either the process fluid or the cooling water.
  2. Scale buildup on the cooling water side of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger is eliminated, as well as the related shutdowns for cleaning.
  3. Cooling tower water treatment and disposal of resulting waste water is eliminated.
  4. The overall cost of dissipating heat by this means is generally less than by other methods for fluid streams above 66 °C (150 °F).

B. Types of air-cooled heat exchangers

The primary distinction in classifying this type of equipment is based on whether the fan is upstream from the finned-tube bundle (forced draft) or downstream (induced draft).

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