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Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in,
Absorption of thermal radiation:
Absorption coefficient,
Absorption spectra in gases,
Absorptivity:
Acentric factor:
Acetaldehyde:
Acetic acid:
Acetic anhydride:
Acetone:
Acetonitrile:
Acetophenone:
Acetylene:
Acetylenes
Ackerman correction factor in condensation,
Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation,
Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers,
Acrolein:
Acrylic acid:
Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer:
Additives:
Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct,
Admiralty brass,
Advanced models for furnaces,
Agitated beds, heat transfer to,
Agitated vessels,
Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids,
Air:
Air-activated gravity conveyor,
Air-cooled heat exchangers:
Air preheaters, fouling in,
Albedo for single scatter in radiation,
Alcohols:
Aldehydes:
Aldred, D L,
Allyl alcohol:
Allyl chloride (-chloropropane)
Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations,
Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces,
Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties,
Aluminium brass,
Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure,
Amides:
Amines:
Ammonia:
tert-Amyl alcohol:
Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer
Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic
Anelasticity,
Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation,
Aniline:
Anisotropy of elastic properties,
Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Annular ducts:
Annular (radial) fins, efficiency
Annular flow (gas-liquid):
Annular flow (liquid-liquid),
Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas),
Anti-foulants,
Antoine equation, for vapour pressure,
Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media,
Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets:
Archimedes number,
Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Argon:
Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition,
Armstrong, Robert C
Aromatics:
ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Assisted convection:
Attachment, of fouling layers,
Augmentation of heat transfer
Austenitic stainless steels,
Average phase velocity in multiphase flows,
Axial flow reboilers,
Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation,
Azeotropes, condensation of
Index
HEDH
A
Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in,
Absorption of thermal radiation:
Absorption coefficient,
Absorption spectra in gases,
Absorptivity:
Acentric factor:
Acetaldehyde:
Acetic acid:
Acetic anhydride:
Acetone:
Acetonitrile:
Acetophenone:
Acetylene:
Acetylenes
Ackerman correction factor in condensation,
Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation,
Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers,
Acrolein:
Acrylic acid:
Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer:
Additives:
Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct,
Admiralty brass,
Advanced models for furnaces,
Agitated beds, heat transfer to,
Agitated vessels,
Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids,
Air:
Air-activated gravity conveyor,
Air-cooled heat exchangers:
Air preheaters, fouling in,
Albedo for single scatter in radiation,
Alcohols:
Aldehydes:
Aldred, D L,
Allyl alcohol:
Allyl chloride (-chloropropane)
Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations,
Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces,
Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties,
Aluminium brass,
Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure,
Amides:
Amines:
Ammonia:
tert-Amyl alcohol:
Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer
Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic
Anelasticity,
Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation,
Aniline:
Anisotropy of elastic properties,
Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Annular ducts:
Annular (radial) fins, efficiency
Annular flow (gas-liquid):
Annular flow (liquid-liquid),
Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas),
Anti-foulants,
Antoine equation, for vapour pressure,
Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media,
Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets:
Archimedes number,
Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Argon:
Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition,
Armstrong, Robert C
Aromatics:
ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Assisted convection:
Attachment, of fouling layers,
Augmentation of heat transfer
Austenitic stainless steels,
Average phase velocity in multiphase flows,
Axial flow reboilers,
Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation,
Azeotropes, condensation of
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
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Copper and Copper Alloys
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000437
4.5.7 Copper and Copper Alloys
G. J. Wildsmith
A. Introduction
Copper and copper alloys are widely used in heat exchange application because of their high thermal conductivity, their excellent corrosion resistance (particularly in fresh and saline cooling waters) and their ease of fabrication. The copper-based materials referred to in Section 432., which are most frequently used are given in Table 1 for tubes, and Table 2 for tubesheets together with their chemical compositions. The mechanical properties of tube materials at ambient temperature in the annealed condition are presented in Table 3, together with their thermal conductivities and recommended maximum water flow velocities.
Table 1 Chemical compositions of copper and copper alloy tubes
| Material | Alloy, Designation UNS No. | Chemical Composition (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu | Zn | Ni | Al | Fe | Mn | As | P | Sn | ||
| Phosphorous – deoxidised copper | C12200 | 99.9 min | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.015 | – |
| 70/30 Brass | C26130 | 68.5 71.5 | Rem | – | – | – | – | 0.02 | – | – |
| Admiralty Brass | C44300 | 70.0 73.0 | Rem | – | – | – | – | 0.02 0.06 | – | 0.9 1.2 |
| Aluminium Brass | C68700 | 76.0 79.0 | Rem | – | 1.8 2.5 | – | – | 0.02 0.06 | – | – |
| 90/10 Copper Nickel | C70600 | Rem | – | 9.0 11.0 | – | 1.0 1.8 | 1.0 max | – | – | – |
| 70/30 Copper Nickel | C71500 | Rem | – | 29.0 33.0 | – | 0.40 1.0 | 1.0 max | – | – | – |
| 70/30 Copper Nickel, Fe, Mn | C71640 | Rem | – | 29.0 32.0 | – | 1.7 2.3 | 1.5 2.5 | – | – | – |
| Aluminium Bronze | C60800 | Rem | – | – | 5.0 6.5 | – | – | 0.02 0.35 | – | – |
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