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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
Rabas and Taborek correlation, for heat transfer in banks of low fin tubes, Rackett equation (modified) for liquid density Radiation: Radiation shields, in radiation heat transfer, Radiation source analysis, Radiative heat transfer: Radiators, automotive, construction, Radiometers, application in gas radiation property measurement, Radiosity, Stephan's law for, Radiosity-irradiation formulations in radiative heat transfer, Rankine cycle in refrigeration, Rao, B K Raoult's law for partial pressure, Rating of heat exchangers, Rayleigh instability, in free convection, Rayleigh number Reay, D Reboilers: Reciprocal mode integrating sphere, for reflection and transmission measurements in radiation, Rectangles: Rectangular ducts: Rectangular enclosures, free convective heat transfer in: Rectangular fins, for plate fin exchangers Reduced pressure, correlations for pool boiling using, Reference temperature: Refinery processes, fouling in, Reflection, of thermal radiation, from solid surfaces: Reflectivity, of solid surfaces, Reflectometer, heated cavity, Reflux condensers, Refractories, density of, Refractory surfaces, Refrigerants: Refrigerant 11 (Trichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 13 (Chlorotrifluoromethane): Refrigerant 21 (Dichlorofluoromethane): Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): Refrigerant 116: Refrigerant plant, entropy generation in, Refrigeration, heat transfer in, Regenerators and thermal energy storage, Regimes of heat transfer, in ducts, single phase flow, Reidel method, for predicting enthalpy of vaporisation, Reinforcing rings, for expansion bellows, Relaminarization, of turbulent flow, Reichenberg method, for effect of pressure on gas viscosity, Relief system design for shell-and-tube heat exchangers with tube side failure, Removal of fouling deposits: Renewable fuels, properties of, Renotherm, heat transfer medium, Repair, of expansion bellows, Residence times, in dryers: Resistance network analysis, Resistance (thermal) due to fouling: Reversible (minimum) work, in Reynolds number, Reynolds stress models, for turbulence, Rheologically complex materials, properties of: Rheological properties of drag reducing agents Rheology, shear flow experiments used in, Rhine, J M, Ribatski, G, Riblets for drag reduction, Richardson number, Richie, J M, Ring cells, in free convection, RODbaffles, in tube bundles with longitudinal flow, Rod bundles: Rohsenow correlation, for nucleate boiling, Roll cells, in free convection, Roller expansion, of tubes into tube sheets, Rose, J W, Rossby number, Rotary dryer, Rotating drums, heat transfer to particle bed in, Rotating surface, in an annular duct Rotation, as device for heat transfer augmentation, Roughness, surface: Rough walled passages, radiative heat transfer down, Rubber (sponge) balls, in fouling mitigation, Ryznar index for water quality,
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Viscosity of Pure Fluids

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000501

5.1.4 Viscosity of pure fluids

A. Introduction

When a shearing stress is applied to a confined fluid, a velocity gradient develops within the fluid which then starts to move. The maximum velocity occurs where the stress is applied. Viscosity is a measure of the internal friction of the fluid which opposes dynamic change in the fluid; the higher the friction the higher the viscosity. Viscosity is formally defined as the ratio of the shearing stress per unit area over the velocity gradient. The SI unit of viscosity is N·s/m2 (also Pa·s). In practice, the Non-SI poise (P) and cP (0.01 P) are widely used. 1 P is equivalent to 0.1 N·s/m2.

The ratio of viscosity to density is known as kinematic viscosity. Its SI unit is m2/s. The non-SI unit of stoke is widely used. 1 stoke is equivalent to 0.0001 m2/s.

The viscosity is independent of shear rate in Newtonian fluids which include most gases and low molar mass fluids of engineering importance. Fluids for which the viscosity depends on the shear rate are called non-Newtonian fluids and are outside the scope of this paper.

Viscosity plays a major role in the design of pumping systems, heat and mass transfer applications and the optimal selection of process equipment. A review of the viscosity correlations of practical nature is given by Poling et al. (2001).

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