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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation:
for density of gas mixtures,
Phase Behaviour of Mixtures
for density of pure gases,
Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes: Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation:
for density of gas mixtures,
Phase Behaviour of Mixtures
for density of pure gases,
Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Virial equation: for density of gas mixtures,
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Phase Behaviour of Mixtures

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000503

5.2 PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES OF FLUIDS
5.2.1. Density of fluid mixtures

A. Fenghour

A. Introduction

Practical methods for the calculation of the density of gas and liquid mixtures as a function of temperature and pressure are presented in this section. The methods are illustrated with worked examples and the results compared with experimental data. Methods based on the corresponding states principle are quite accurate and can be used up to high pressure, of the order of several hundred bar. The virial approach is accurate at low pressures but its performance worsens with increasing pressure and is not recommended above about 50 bar. For saturated liquid mixtures the correlations proposed by Hankinson and Thomson (1979) and Spencer and Danner (1973) are recommended. For compressed liquid mixtures the method of Thomson et al. (1982) is quite accurate. Only methods which are easy to implement have been selected. More elaborate thermodynamic models such as equations of state, which in principle allow the calculation of all the thermodynamic properties of single substances or mixtures, are beyond the scope of this article because their implementation would require the development of computer programs with lengthy testing periods. Wherever possible guidelines on the accuracy of the recommended methods are provided.

B. Gas mixtures

(a) Corresponding states principle

In the application of the corresponding states principle to mixtures it is necessary first to determine the pseudocritical parameters of the mixture of interest. In Section 508 it is shown how to estimate these scaling parameters through a process of averaging of the constants of the pure constituent components. Once the pseudocritical parameters of a given mixture have been determined, the procedure outlined in Section 499B can be used. This procedure treats the mixture as a fictitious substance, or pseudo-component, when its compression factor Zm(Tr,pr) at reduced conditions of temperature and pressure is given by the following three-parameter correlation (Pitzer et al., 1955):

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