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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Packaged units, specification of, Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, Packings, for cooling towers Packings, for fixed beds: Packinox heat exchanger, Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, Palen, J W Panchal, C B, Paraffins, normal and isonormal: Paraldehyde: Parallel channel instability, in condensers, Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, Participating media, radiation interaction in, Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, Particle emissivity, Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, Particles: Particulate fluidization, Particulate fouling, Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Passes, tube side, Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for: PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, Peacock, D K, Pearson number, Peclet number Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120): Pentadecane: Pentadecene: Pentadiene 1, 2: Pentadiene 1, trans 3: Pentadiene 1, 4: Pentadiene 2-3: Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125) Pentamethylbenzene: Pentane: Pentanoic acid: 1-Pentanol: 1-Pentene: cis-2-Pentene: trans-2-Pentene: Pentylacetate: Pentylbenzene: Pentylcyclohexane: Pentylcyclopentane: Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, Periodic operation, of regenerator, Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer, Phase change number, Phase equilibrium: Phase inversion Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, Phenol: Phenols: Phenylhydrazine: Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, Phosgene: Physical properties: Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, Pioro, I L Pioro, LS, Pipe leads, Piperidine: Pipes, circular: Pipes, noncircular: Piping components: Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, Planck's constant, Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, Plastic deformation Plate fin heat exchangers Plate fins, efficiency, Plate heat exchangers: Plate evaporator Plates: Plug flow: Plug flow model, for furnaces, Pneumatic conveyance, Pneumatic conveying dryer, P-NTU method: Polarization, of thermal radiation, Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, Polymers: Pool boiling, Porous surfaces: Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Portable fouling unit, Poskas, P, Postdryout heat transfer: Powders: Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), Power plant: Prandtl number Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, Pressure coefficient: Pressure control of condensers, Pressure drop: Pressure gradient: Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, Pressure testing, Pressure vessels, principle codes for, Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, Printed circuit heat exchanger, Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, Process heaters: Progressive plastic deformation Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, Promoters, in dropwise condensation, Propadiene: Propane: 1-Propanol: 2-Propanol: Propeller agitator, Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid: Propionic anhydride: Proprionitrile: Propyl acetate: Propylamine: Propylbenzene: Propylcyclohexane: Propylcyclopentane: Propylene: 1,3-Propylene glycol: Propylene oxide: Propyl formate: Propyl propionate: Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudocritical pressure, Pseudocritical tempertaure, Pugh, S F Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler, Pumping, lost work in, Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, Pyridine:
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Thermodynamic Properties

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000504

5.1 PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES FLUIDS
5.2.2 Thermodynamics properties

A. Light hydrocarbons

There are reasonably reliable charts available from which equilibrium constants for light hydrocarbons can be obtained. Perhaps the best, and most widely used, are those published by the Gas Processors Association (GPSA, 1972). Values from the charts, if properly used, will agree closely with the values obtained from a good equation of state. In addition, they are easily and quickly used and ideal for hand calculations.

If more accurate equilibrium constants are desired, or if equilibrium conditions are being predicted by computer, an equation of state is used for estimating the equilibrium constant values. The most widely used equations of state for light hydrocarbons are the Soave version of the Redlich-Kwong (SRK) (Redlich and Kwong, 1949; Soave, 1972; Erbar, 1973), the Starling version of the Benedict-Webb-Rubin (BWR) (Starling and Han, 1972), and the Peng-Robinson (PR) (Peng and Robinson, 1976). Each has advantages and disadvantages, proponents and opponents. More importantly, different computer solutions for each equation may yield equilibrium constants that are significantly different. Erbar and Maddox (1977) have made comparison calculations for simple equilibrium flash calculations that differed by as much as 20%. The same equation of state was used for all calculations the programming of the solution was different.

Equilibrium coefficients are calculated from the equation of state using one of the Equation 503.8, Equation 503.9, Equation 503.10 and Equation 503.11. All thermodynamic quantities may be related to each other by mathematical manipulation. The fugacity coefficient is related to pressure, volume, temperature, and compressibility factor by

\[\label{eq1} \ln \gamma_{g_i}=\dfrac1{\tilde{R}T}\int_{v}^{\infty}\left[\left(\dfrac{\alpha P}{\alpha n_i}\right)_{\!T,V, n_j}\!\!-\dfrac{\tilde{R}T}{V}\right]dV-\ln Z \tag{1}\]

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