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Thermal Conductivity of Solid

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000529

5.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA TABLES
5.5.6 Thermal conductivity of solids

In the tables that follow an attempt is made to give, as comprehensively as possible, a tabulation of the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of elements, alloys, and other solids. In addition, a further tabulation is given of typical room temperature values of this property for other solids. In using the tables the following remarks should be kept in mind:

  1. In structured materials such as crystals, wood, mica, etc., the property may be an acute function of direction of heat transfer.
  2. Impurities, thermal history of the specimen, environmental effects (such as applied magnetic field) can sometimes markedly affect the property.
  3. For low density insulation, thermal radiation should also be considered.
  4. Exposure of the material to the actual environment can markedly affect the property due to such factors as contact resistance, degradation, oxidation, moisture seepage, etc.
  5. At low temperatures, the thermal conductivity can vary rapidly (see Figure 1) and also be a sensitive function of specimen purity. The tabulated values for the pure elements are for materials of highest purity that are generally available. The actual property for real substances may be much less.
  6. Where there may be more than one state of the material, the tabulation given is for the polycrystalline slate. Limitations of space have prevented a more detailed tabulation. Readers interested in exploring the subject further may find the publications given in Ho et al.(1974), Childs et al. (1973), Touloukian et al. (1970), Touloukian et al. (1970), Kowalczyk (1955), Mirkovich (1978) helpful.

Figure 1 Relationship between thermal conductivity and temperature for copper and lead

Table 1 Thermal conductivity of solids as a function of temperature, W/m K
show



Material


Conductivity at different temperatures, K
10

20

40

60

80

100

180

200

250

300

400

500

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,500

Alumina3,000 12,500 13,500 3,100 1,100 520 155 80 60 42 27 20 16 10 7.6 6.3 5.75.4
Aluminum38,000 13,000 2,400 850 430 300 250 237 235 237 240 236 231 218-- --
Antimony480 230 110 75 58 46 16 30 26.7 24.3 21.3 19.5 18.3 16.8 - - --
Argon5.6 1.5 0.7 0.3 -- - - - - - - - - - - -
Arsenic 69 58 50 41 35 -- - - --
Barium 20.5 19.4 18.6 18.2 - - - -
BaTiO2 10 18 21 19 16 13 8 5.9 4.8 4.1 3.5 3.0
Beryllium 1,800 3,480 4,620 2,980 1,620 890 450 300 235 200 160 139 126 106 91 79 6964
Beryllia 198 153 114 60 33 22 17 17
Bismuth225 100 46 30 24 19 12 9.7 8.6 7.9 7.0 6.6 -- -- -
Boron 175 250 430 360 260 190 94 55
Brass 5 12 24 33 40 46 62 74 92 114 134 143 146 150
Cadmium1,200 270 140 115 106 103 101 99 98 97 95 92 - - --
Calcium 220 210 201 189 182 178 153 116 --
CaF2 2,800 2,500 800 125 60 40 23 18 15 12
CaO 129 99 85 79 74 72 7069
Carbon 0.07 0.16 031 044 0 56 0.67 0.94 1.18 1.40 1.60 1.87 2.06 2.19 2.37 2.5 2.8 3.23.5
Cerium1.1 1.9 3.2 4.3 5.2 6.0 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.4 13.3 15.0 16.5 19.3 21.8- --
Cesium69 55 47 43 41 40 38 37 36 36 - - - - - - --
Chromium385 595 425 250 185 160 130 110 100 94 91 86 81 71 65 62 5957
Cobalt265 440 375 250 195 165 140 120 110 100 85 75 67 58 52 49 4242
Constantan 19 20 22 22 23 27
Copper24,500 10,800 2,170 830 560 480 429 413 406 401 393 386 379 366 352 339 --
Duralumin16 30 56 74 88 101 123 138 151 174 187 188
Dysprosium 10 14 14 13 12 10 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 14 15 17 1819
Erbium 7.1 7.8 9.3 9.8 11 12 14 15 .15 14 14 14 14 15 16 17 1919
Eureka 20 21 22 24 25
Gadolinium31 32 23 18 15 15 13 12 11 10
German silver4.8 7.5 11.5 13.8 15.3 17 19 21 23 24 25 27
Germanium1,770 1,490 800 490 325 230 130 97 75 60 43 34 27 20 17 17 --
Cold3,250 1,580 515 374 332 327 325 323 321 317 311 304 298 284 270 255 --
Hafnium10 18 24 26 26 26 25 24 24 23 23 22 21 21 21 21 2121
Holmium12 14 16 16 15 14 14 15 16 16 17 18
Indium590 190 170 100 99 98 93 90 86 82 75 - - - -
Iridium1,270 1,900 750 330 210 172 159 153 150 147 144 141 138 132 126 120 114111
Iron1,480 1,540 625 285 175 134 104 94 87 80 70 61 5543 32 28 3132
lanthanum18 17 10 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 21 23 -
Lead180 60 45 43 41 39.7 37.9 36.7 36.0 35.3 34.0 32.8 31.4 -----
Lithium610 720 345 175 120 105 95 90 87 85 80 -- - -- -
LiF 11,000 13,500 1,300 280 146 95 42 27
Limestone 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5
Luretium 36 41 32 10 29 28 26 25 24 23 22 22
Magnesium 5,600 2,700 720 325 200 169 161 159 157 156 153 151 149 146
Manganese1.6 2.4 3.6 4.5 5.3 5.8 6.6 7.2 7.5 7.8 7.9 8.0
Manganin 14 18 21 23 27
Mercury46 40 36 34 33 32 30 29 - - -------
Magnesium oxide 32.4 25.5 19.9 12.8 9.2 7.2 6.25.9
Molybdenum160 285 355 260 210 180 149 143 140 138 134 130 126 118 112 105 10098
Monel3.57.111.013.314.916182022232527
Naphthalene 1.20 0.96 0.620.500.420.350.290.27
Nickel 1,810 1,650 580 310 210 165 120105 98918072666872768083
Nimonic 75 131517182125
Nimonic 80 1214151823
Nimonic 90 121315161923
Nimonic 95 1315161822
Nimonic 100 1213141620
Niobium295 250 95 66 58 55 535353545557586164687172
Nylon0.033 0.099 0.170 0.206 0.230 0.242
Osmium1,0201,600 640 220 140 115 969189888787
Palladium1,150 600 17598 81 77 737272727476808794102107110
Phosphorus7 27 44 40 35 31 23181412 ------
Platinum1,230 500 140 95 82 78 74.072.671.871.671.872.373.275.679838790
Plutonium 3.1 3.3 4.04.85.76.79.6
Porcelain 1.451.72.02.22.4
Potassium460 165 115 110 108 107 105104104102
KCl 440 400 105 52 32 25 13118765
Praseodymium 7 8 91012131415161822---
Pyrtx 0.34 0.46 0 57 0.760.89
Quariz8,000 3,600 850 410 240 200
Rhenium 3,550 1,150 155 77 63 59 5451 49 48 46 45 44 4445 46 4748
Rhodium 2,780 3,650 1,020 380 240 190 158154 152 150 146 141136 127121 116 112110
Rubber 0.14 0.150.15 0.16 0.16
Rubidium 150 69 64 62 61 60 5959 59 58
Ruby 650 1,335 1,700 1,000 500 290
Ruthenium 1,500 2,260 950 310 185 155 128118 117117 114 111 108102 98 94 9190
Salt 770 330 82 44 30 24 1511 8.9 7.1 4.43.4
Sapphire 2,600 14,600 16,500 4,400 1,175 480 15082 58 46 32 24
Scandium 7 12 14 14 14 14 1515 16 16 16 17
Silicon 2,330 4,980 3,530 2,110 1,340 884 410260 190 150 9976 62 42 31 26 2423
Silumin 177181
Silver 16,800 5,100 1,050 550 470 450 432420 429429 425419 412 396 379 361--
Silver solder 1,650 720 179 85 54 39 2316 1310 7.6 6.0
Sodium 2,200 610 190 145 135 136 140142 143 141
NaP 4,500 3,100 560 240 120 85 5545 38 36
Sulfur 8.2 2.4 1.1 0.8 0.72 0.56 0.430.36 0.31 0.27
Tantalum 107 142 87 65 60 59 5858 57 58 5859 59 59 60 61 6262
Technetium 51 50 50 50 5255
Teflon 0.094 0.142 0.194 0.220 0.23 0.23 0.240.25 0.25 0.26
Terbium 19 23 19 17 15 14 1210 1011
Thallium 190 80 65 61 58 56 5249 4846 44 42
Thoria 16 13 10 8 6 5 4 3 32
Thorium 470 170 85 69 63 60 5655 5454 55 55 56 57 58 59 6061
Thulium 23 18 11 11 13 14 1516 17 17
Tin 1,900 320 135 104 92 85 7873 70 67 62 60
Titanium 14 28 39 36 33 31 2725 23 21 2020 19 1921 2224 25
Titanium oxide 1,000 850 130 60 31 20 119 8.5 8 65 4 3 33 3 3
Tungsten 9,700 4,050 690 310 230 208 192185 180174 159 146 137 125 118112 108 106
Uranium 10 16 18 20 21 22 2425 26 28 3033 34 39 44 4956 -
Vanadium 14 26 39 41 39 36 3231 31 31 31 32 3336 38 41 4345
Yttrium 7 13 15 16 16 16 1617 17 1718 1921 23 25
Zinc 4,750 1,000 280 160 130 117 117118 118116 111 107 103- - - --
Zirconium 99 108 59 44 37 33 2825 24 23 22 21 2121 23 26 2829
Zirconium oxide 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.32.3 2.4

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