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Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers: Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia: tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection: Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of
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Melting and Solidification

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000162

2.4.4 Melting and solidification

If the temperature inside a body passes a melting point TP (subscript P for “phase change”), the isothermal surface T = TP subdivides the body into two regions, each with a different phase and properties. The thermal fields in both phases are coupled (see Section 161C). Additionally, the position of the interface may change with time. Exact analytical solutions for these problems are known only for some simple special cases (Carslaw and Jaeger, 1959, chapter XI). For practical applications it is often sufficient to know only the time required to solidify or melt a body completely, with the details of the temperature field of minor interest.

Solidifying times may be calculated by a simple approximation if the enthalpy change of the solid shell is small when compared with the latent enthalpy of solidification. Figure 1 shows the problem. It is assumed that the liquid (subscript 1) is initially at the phase-change temperature TP.

Figure 1 Solidification (or melting) of simple bodies

The energy balance for this system may be written

\[\label{eq1} -\dot{Q}\cong\rho_1 \Delta h_{12} \frac{dV_1(x)}{dx}\frac{dx}{dt}\tag{1}\]

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