A. Introduction

Copper and copper alloys are widely used in heat exchange application because of their high thermal conductivity, their excellent corrosion resistance (particularly in fresh and saline cooling waters) and their ease of fabrication. The copper-based materials referred to in Section 432., which are most frequently used are given in Table 1 for tubes, and Table 2 for tubesheets together with their chemical compositions. The mechanical properties of tube materials at ambient temperature in the annealed condition are presented in Table 3, together with their thermal conductivities and recommended maximum water flow velocities.