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Fixed Beds
ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),

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A B C D E
E-type shells in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Ebert and Panchal equation, for crude oil fouling, Eckert number, Eddy viscosity: Eddy diffusivity, of heat, Edge, D, Edwards, D K EEC code for thermal design of heat exchangers, Effective diffusivity, Effective thermal conductivity of fixed beds, Effective tube length in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Effectiveness of a heat exchanger: Efficiency of fins, Eicosane: Eicosene: Ejectors, in flash distillation plant, EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for expansion bellows Elastic properties of solids: El-Dessouky, H, Electrical enhancement processes, in heat transfer augmentation, Electric fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Electric fields, in augmentation of condensation, Electrical process heater, specification of, Electrokinetics, for heat transfer augmentation in microfluidic systems, Electromagnetic theory of radiation, Electrostatic fields in augmentation of heat transfer, Elements: Elhadidy relation between heat and momentum transfer, Embedding methods for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Embittlement, of stainless steels, Emission of thermal radiation, in solids, Emissivity: Emitting media, interaction phenomena with, Emulsions, viscosity of, EN13445 (European Pressure Vessel Codes), design of heat exchangers to, Enclosures: Energy equation: Energy recovery, maximum, in heat exchanger network design, Enhanced surfaces, fouling in, Enhancement devices: Enlargements in pipes: Enthalpy: Entrainment in annular gas-liquid flow Entrance effects in heat and mass transfer: Entrance lengths, hydrodynamic in pipe flow, Entrance losses for tube inlet in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Entry losses in plate heat exchangers, Entropy generation and minimisation Environmental impact, of fouling, Eotvos number: Epstein, N, Epstein matrix, for fouling, Equalizing rings, for expansion bellows, Equilibrium interphase: Equilibrium vapor nucleus, Equivalent sand roughness, Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds
Fixed Beds
ESDU correlations: Esters: Ethane: Ethanol: Ethers: Ethyl acetate: Ethylacetylene: Ethylacrylate: Ethylamine: Ethylbenzene: Ethyl benzoate: Ethyl butanoate: Ethylcyclohexane: Ethylcyclopentane: Ethyl formate: Ethylene: Ethylene diamine: Ethylene glycol: Ethylene oxide: Ethylmercaptan: 1-Ethylnaphthalene: 2-Ethylnaphthalene: Ethyl proprionate: Ethyl propylether: Ettouney, H, Euler number: Eutectic mixtures, condensation of forming immiscible liquids, Evaporation: Evaporative crystallisers, Evaporators: Exergy, definition of, Exergy analysis, Exit losses for tubes in shell-and-tube exchanger, Expansion bellows, for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: EJMA (Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association), standards for Expansion joints, mechanical design of: Expansion of tubes into tube sheets: Expansion turbine, lost work in, Explosively clad plate, Explosive welding of tubes into tube sheets Explosive expansion joints, Extended surfaces (see also Fins) Externally induced convection, in kettle reboilers, Extinction coefficient, Extinction efficiency, Eyring fluid (non-Newtonian),
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E Ergun equation, for pressure drop in fixed beds
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Fixed Beds

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000147

2.2.5 Fixed beds

P. J. Heggs

The structural properties of fixed beds have been extensively reviewed by Haughey and Beveridge (1969). Two categories of fixed bed exist: regular and random packed. Regular packings provide complete control of bed voidage and surface area, but assembly is expensive. Regular packings are used, however, in thermal regenerators, checkerwork in high-temperature stoves in the glass and steel industries, and metallic matrix arrangements in the Ljungstrom rotary regenerators used in the power generation industry. In all these situations the pressure drop across the fixed bed must be small.

Random packings are found in a wide range of industrial operations: adsorption, catalysis, combustion, filtration, separation, and solid-fluid contacting in general. They are formed by the haphazard positioning of particles to provide a bed and the average bed properties are largely dependent on the mode of assembly (Debbas and Rumpf, 1966). The geometrical shape of fixed beds is normally cylindrical with the flow of the fluid parallel to the axis of the cylinder, however radial flow through annular beds is also used, when low pressure drop restrictions are specified. Only an infinitely sized bed is wholly random, but this is closely approached when the ratios of the container diameter (D) or diameters (Di and D0) and container length L to the particle diameter (d) are greater than 10 (Ridgway and Tarbuck, 1967). Random beds are simple in design, assembly is cheap, and construction is rugged.

Fixed beds are normally characterized by the specific surface area of the bed SB and the mean fractional voidage of the bed, εm. The latter is defined as the free volume of the bed divided by the volume of the bed, that is,

\[\label{eq1} \varepsilon_{m}=\dfrac{bed\;volume - packing\;volume}{bed\;volume}\tag{1}\]

and the specific surface area of the bed is strictly dependent on the value of the mean bed voidage, εm. The specific surface area of the particles S is defined as the surface area of the particles divided by the volume of the particles. For a sphere,

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