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A B C D E F G H
Hagen-Poiseuille law Hagen-Rubens relation, between electrical and optical constants, Hall Taylor, N S, Halogenated hydrocarbons: Handley and Heggs equation for fixed bed pressure drop, Hankinson and Thomson method, for liquid density: Hardening (precipative) of stainless steels, Hardwick, R, Harris, D, Hausen equation for developing laminar flow, Hays, G F Headers in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Heads, in heat exchangers: Heat and mass transfer: Heat exchanger design, introduction, Heat exchangers: Heat of vaporisation (see Enthalpy of vaporisation), of pure substances Heat pipes: Heat pumping, relation to heat exchanger network design, Heat storage (see Regenerators and thermal energy storage) entropy generation in, Heat transfer: Heat transfer coefficient: Heat transfer media, Heat transfer salt, Heat transfer regimes: Heat of vaporization, Heated cavity reflectometer, Heating media, for reboilers, Heavy water, physical properties of, Heggs, P J,
Fixed Beds
Helical coils of circular cross section: Helical coils of rectangular cross section, Helical inserts, for enhancement of heat transfer in boiling, Helium: Helmholtz reciprocity principle, in radiative heat transfer, Henry, J A R, Henry-Fauske model, for critical two-phase flow, Henry's law, for partial pressure, Heptadecane: Heptadecene: Heptane: 1-Heptanol: 1-Heptene: Herman, K W, Hermes, C L L, Heterogeneous conveyance in horizontal pipes, Heterogeneous nucleation in boiling, Hewitt, G F Hexachloroethane (Refrigerant 116): Hexacyclopentane, superheated vapor properties, Hexadecane: Hexadecene: 1,5-Hexadiene: Hexagonal cells, in free convection, Hexamethylbenzene: Hexane: Hexanoic acid: 1-Hexanol: 1-Hexene: Hexylbenzene: Hexylcyclohexane: Hexylcyclopentane, Hicks equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, High pressure closures, ASME VIII code guidance for, High-chrome steels, thermal and mechanical properties, High-finned tubes, correlations for single-phase heat transfer in flow over, Hills, P D Hohlraum cavity, Holdup, in liquid-liquid flow, Holland, guide to national practice for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Homogeneous condensation (fog formation), Homogeneous model: Homogeneous nucleation: Honeycombs: Hopkins, D, Horizontal condensers: Horizontal cylinders: Horizontal layers, of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Horizontal pipes: Horizontal shell-side evaporator, Horizontal surfaces: Horizontal thermosiphon reboilers: Horizontal tube-side evaporator, Horizontal tubes: Hottel's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Hsu criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling, Hybrid cooling towers, Hydraulic conveyance: Hydraulic expansion, of tubes into tube sheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hydraulic turbine, lost work in, Hydraulic resistance, in flow of supercritical fluids, Hydraulically smooth surface, Hydrazine: Hydrocarbons: Hydrodynamic entrance length, in single-phase flow in ducts, Hydrogen: Hydrogen bromide: Hydrogen chloride: Hydrogen cyanide: Hydrogen fluoride: Hydrogen iodide: Hydrogen peroxide: Hydrogen sulfide: Hydrostatic testing of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Hysteresis:
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Fixed Beds

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000147

2.2.5 Fixed beds

P. J. Heggs

The structural properties of fixed beds have been extensively reviewed by Haughey and Beveridge (1969). Two categories of fixed bed exist: regular and random packed. Regular packings provide complete control of bed voidage and surface area, but assembly is expensive. Regular packings are used, however, in thermal regenerators, checkerwork in high-temperature stoves in the glass and steel industries, and metallic matrix arrangements in the Ljungstrom rotary regenerators used in the power generation industry. In all these situations the pressure drop across the fixed bed must be small.

Random packings are found in a wide range of industrial operations: adsorption, catalysis, combustion, filtration, separation, and solid-fluid contacting in general. They are formed by the haphazard positioning of particles to provide a bed and the average bed properties are largely dependent on the mode of assembly (Debbas and Rumpf, 1966). The geometrical shape of fixed beds is normally cylindrical with the flow of the fluid parallel to the axis of the cylinder, however radial flow through annular beds is also used, when low pressure drop restrictions are specified. Only an infinitely sized bed is wholly random, but this is closely approached when the ratios of the container diameter (D) or diameters (Di and D0) and container length L to the particle diameter (d) are greater than 10 (Ridgway and Tarbuck, 1967). Random beds are simple in design, assembly is cheap, and construction is rugged.

Fixed beds are normally characterized by the specific surface area of the bed SB and the mean fractional voidage of the bed, εm. The latter is defined as the free volume of the bed divided by the volume of the bed, that is,

\[\label{eq1} \varepsilon_{m}=\dfrac{bed\;volume - packing\;volume}{bed\;volume}\tag{1}\]

and the specific surface area of the bed is strictly dependent on the value of the mean bed voidage, εm. The specific surface area of the particles S is defined as the surface area of the particles divided by the volume of the particles. For a sphere,

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