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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Baffle leakage in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baffles in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baker flow regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow, Balance equation (applied to complete equipment), Band dryer: Bandel and Schlunder correlations, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Basket-type evaporator, Barbosa, J R Jr, Bateman, G, Bayonet tube heat exchangers, constructional features of, Bayonet tube evaporators, Beaton, C F, Beer-Lambert law, Bejan, A, Bell-Delaware method for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Bell and Ghaly method for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Benard cells in free convection in horizontal fluid layers, Bends: Benzaldehyde: Benzene: Benzoic acid: Benzonitrile: Benzophenone: Benzyl alcohol: Benzyl chloride: Berenson equation for pool film boiling from a horizontal surface, Bergles, Arthur E, Bernoulli equation, application to flow across cylinders, Bimetallic tubes: Binary mixtures: Bingham fluid (non-Newtonian),
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Biofouling, Biot number: Biphenyl: Bismarck A, Black liquor, in pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers by, Black surface: Blackbody radiation, Blades, in scraped surface heat exchangers, Blake-Carmen-Kozeny equation, Blasius equation for friction factor, Blenkin, R, Blunt bodies, drag coefficients for, Boilers: Boiling: Boiling curve: Boiling length: Boiling number, definition, Boiling point, normal, Boiling range (in multicomponent mixtures): Boiling surface in boiling in vertical tubes, Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), fouling problems in, Bolted channel head in shell-and-tube exchanger, Bolted cone head in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Bolted joints, thermal contact resistance in, Bolting, Bolting of flanges in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Boltzmann's constant, Bonnet head, in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Borishanski, V M, Borishanski correlation for nucleate pool boiling, Bott, T R, Boundary layer: Boussinesq approximations: Boussinesq number, definition, Bowring correlations for critical heat flux, Bracket supports for heat exchangers: Brauner, N, Brazed plate exchanger, Brazing in plate fin heat exchanger construction, Bricks, drying of, Brine recirculation, in multistage flash-evaporation, Brinkman number, Brittle fracture, Bromine: Bromley equation for film boiling from horizontal cylinders, Bromobenzene: Bromoethane: Bromomethane: Bromotrifluoromethane (Refrigerant 13B1): Brush and cage system, for fouling mitigation, BS 5500 code for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see also PD 5500), Bubble crowding as mechanism of critical heat flux, Bubble flow: Bubbles: Bulk viscosity, Bundle-induced convection in kettle reboilers, Bundle layout, in condensers Buoyancy effects: Buoyancy-induced flow in channels, free convective heat transfer with, Busemann-Crocco integral, application in boundary layer equations, 1,2-Butadiene: 1,3-Butadiene: Butane: 1-Butanol: 2-Butanol: Butene-1: cis-2-Butene: trans-2-Butene: Butterworth, D, Butyl acetate: t-Butyl alcohol: Butylamine: Butylbenzene: n-Butylbenzene: n-Butylcyclohexane: Butylcyclopentane: Butylene oxide: Butyr-aldehyde: Butyric acid: Butyronitrile: Bypass (shell-and-tube bundle):

Index

HEDH
A B
Baffle leakage in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baffles in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Baker flow regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow, Balance equation (applied to complete equipment), Band dryer: Bandel and Schlunder correlations, for boiling in horizontal tubes, Basket-type evaporator, Barbosa, J R Jr, Bateman, G, Bayonet tube heat exchangers, constructional features of, Bayonet tube evaporators, Beaton, C F, Beer-Lambert law, Bejan, A, Bell-Delaware method for shell-side heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Bell and Ghaly method for calculation of multicomponent condensation, Benard cells in free convection in horizontal fluid layers, Bends: Benzaldehyde: Benzene: Benzoic acid: Benzonitrile: Benzophenone: Benzyl alcohol: Benzyl chloride: Berenson equation for pool film boiling from a horizontal surface, Bergles, Arthur E, Bernoulli equation, application to flow across cylinders, Bimetallic tubes: Binary mixtures: Bingham fluid (non-Newtonian),
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Biofouling, Biot number: Biphenyl: Bismarck A, Black liquor, in pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers by, Black surface: Blackbody radiation, Blades, in scraped surface heat exchangers, Blake-Carmen-Kozeny equation, Blasius equation for friction factor, Blenkin, R, Blunt bodies, drag coefficients for, Boilers: Boiling: Boiling curve: Boiling length: Boiling number, definition, Boiling point, normal, Boiling range (in multicomponent mixtures): Boiling surface in boiling in vertical tubes, Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), fouling problems in, Bolted channel head in shell-and-tube exchanger, Bolted cone head in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Bolted joints, thermal contact resistance in, Bolting, Bolting of flanges in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Boltzmann's constant, Bonnet head, in shell-and-tube heat exchanger, Borishanski, V M, Borishanski correlation for nucleate pool boiling, Bott, T R, Boundary layer: Boussinesq approximations: Boussinesq number, definition, Bowring correlations for critical heat flux, Bracket supports for heat exchangers: Brauner, N, Brazed plate exchanger, Brazing in plate fin heat exchanger construction, Bricks, drying of, Brine recirculation, in multistage flash-evaporation, Brinkman number, Brittle fracture, Bromine: Bromley equation for film boiling from horizontal cylinders, Bromobenzene: Bromoethane: Bromomethane: Bromotrifluoromethane (Refrigerant 13B1): Brush and cage system, for fouling mitigation, BS 5500 code for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (see also PD 5500), Bubble crowding as mechanism of critical heat flux, Bubble flow: Bubbles: Bulk viscosity, Bundle-induced convection in kettle reboilers, Bundle layout, in condensers Buoyancy effects: Buoyancy-induced flow in channels, free convective heat transfer with, Busemann-Crocco integral, application in boundary layer equations, 1,2-Butadiene: 1,3-Butadiene: Butane: 1-Butanol: 2-Butanol: Butene-1: cis-2-Butene: trans-2-Butene: Butterworth, D, Butyl acetate: t-Butyl alcohol: Butylamine: Butylbenzene: n-Butylbenzene: n-Butylcyclohexane: Butylcyclopentane: Butylene oxide: Butyr-aldehyde: Butyric acid: Butyronitrile: Bypass (shell-and-tube bundle):
C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
B Bingham fluid (non-Newtonian),
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Non-Newtonian Fluids

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000150

2.2 SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW
2.2.8 Non-Newtonian Fluids

Robert C. Armstrong and B. K. Rao

A. Introduction
(by R. C. Armstrong)

Many fluids do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity; these materials are commonly grouped together under the broad heading of non-Newtonian fluids. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include polymer solutions and melts, paints, soaps, biological fluids, greases, pastes, and suspensions. The field of study that is aimed at understanding the deformation and flow behavior of these substances is known as rheology. Because they make up the most commonly encountered subgroup of non-Newtonian materials, polymers will be emphasized in this section.

There are many simple experiments that can serve to illustrate the often dramatic differences in behavior between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. If, for example, the "viscosity" of a polymer solution were determined in a falling-ball viscometer and in a tube flow experiment, different results might be obtained. If a rotating shaft is inserted into a beaker of polymeric fluid, the polymer "climbs" the rod. Polymer extruded through a circular orifice may swell to a diameter several times that of the hole. If a filament of molten polymer is suddenly stretched and then released, it will snap back nearly to its original length (Bird et al., 1977).

Because of the very high viscosities exhibited by most concentrated polymer solutions and melts, the flow of these fluids is laminar in most applications, and laminar flow will be the primary focus of this section. In Section B, experimental methods for characterizing non-Newtonian fluids are described. Section C then presents models for describing these properties, and Section D gives examples to illustrate the calculation of quantities of engineering importance. In Section E, turbulent tube flow of non-Newtonian fluids is discussed.

B. Experimental characterization of non-Newtonian fluids
(by R. C. Armstrong)

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