Navigation by alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Damage, sources of heat exchangers
Damkohler number:
Damping:
Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling,
Decal, heat transfer medium,
Decane:
1-Decanol:
1-Decene:
Degradation temperature, of polymers,
Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators,
Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow,
Density:
Deposition of droplets in annular flow
Deposition in fouling,
Desalination plants:
Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators,
Developing flow in ducts:
Dew-poin corrosion,
Diathermanous fluid,
1,1-Dibromoethane:
Dibromomethane:
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2):
Dibutylamine:
Dibutyl ether:
Dichloroacetic acid:
o-Dichlorobenzene:
Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12)
1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a):
1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150):
1,1-Dichloroethylene:
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21)
Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30):
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123)
Dielectric constant, of water,
Diethylamine:
n,n-Diethylaniline:
Diethylene glycol:
Diethyl ether:
Diethyl ketone:
Diethylsulfide:
Differential condensation:
Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation,
Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design,
Differential vector operators in heat conduction,
Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces,
Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between,
Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in,
Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Diffusion, in multi-component condensation,
n,n-Diffusion coefficients:
1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a):
Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32):
Diiodomethane:
Diisobutylamine:
Diisopropylamine:
Diisopropylether:
Dimensional analysis:
Dimensionless groups:
Dimethylacetylene:
Dimethylamine:
Dimethylaniline:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
2,3-Dimethylbutane:
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane:
Dimethylether:
Dimethylketone:
2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane):
Dimethylsulfide:
Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with,
1,4-Dioxane:
Diphenyl:
Diphenylamine:
Diphenylether:
Diphenylmethane:
Dipropyl ether:
Diisopropyl ether:
Dipropyl ketone:
Direct contact heat exchangers
Direct contact heat transfer,
Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence,
Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method,
Dished heads:
Discretization in numerical analysis:
Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers,
Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined,
Dispersants, for fouling control,
Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid),
Dissipation of turbulent energy,
Distillation:
Distribution:
Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer,
Dividing flow, loss coefficients in,
Dodecane:
1-Dodecene:
Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Double-pipe heat exchangers:
Double segmental baffled heat exchangers,
Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from,
Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid,
Dowtherm A:
Dowtherm J:
Dowtherms, as heat transfer media,
Drag coefficient:
Drag force:
Drag reduction,
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Introduction
applications of,
by surface modification,
effect on heat transfer,
percentage drag reduction, definition,
with microbubbles,
with multiphase flows
with polymers
with surfactants
Drainage, of condensate,
Dreitser, G,
Drift flux model for two-phase flows,
Drogemuller, P,
Droplets:
Dropwise condensation
Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation),
Dryers:
Drying loft,
Drying rates, prediction of,
Dryout:
Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in,
Duplex stainless steels,
Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow,
Dynamically stable foam,
Dyphyl, heat transfer media,
Dzyubenko, B,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
Damage, sources of heat exchangers
Damkohler number:
Damping:
Davis and Anderson criterion, for onset of nucleate boiling,
Decal, heat transfer medium,
Decane:
1-Decanol:
1-Decene:
Degradation temperature, of polymers,
Demisters, wire mesh, for multistage flash evaporators,
Dengler and Addoms correlation, for forced convective heat transfer in two-phase flow,
Density:
Deposition of droplets in annular flow
Deposition in fouling,
Desalination plants:
Desuperheaters for use in association with evaporators,
Developing flow in ducts:
Dew-poin corrosion,
Diathermanous fluid,
1,1-Dibromoethane:
Dibromomethane:
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114B2):
Dibutylamine:
Dibutyl ether:
Dichloroacetic acid:
o-Dichlorobenzene:
Dichlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 12)
1,1-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150a):
1,2-Dichloroethane (Refrigerant 150):
1,1-Dichloroethylene:
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene:
Dichlorofluoromethane (see Refrigerant 21)
Dichloromethane (Refrigerant 30):
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)
1,2,3-Dichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 123)
Dielectric constant, of water,
Diethylamine:
n,n-Diethylaniline:
Diethylene glycol:
Diethyl ether:
Diethyl ketone:
Diethylsulfide:
Differential condensation:
Differential formulations for nonisothermal gas radiation,
Differential resistance term in heat exchanger design,
Differential vector operators in heat conduction,
Diffraction models for radiative heat transfer from surfaces,
Diffuse surfaces, radiative heat transfer between,
Diffuse wall passages, radiative heat transfer in,
Diffusers, single-phase flow and pressure drop in,
Diffusion, in multi-component condensation,
n,n-Diffusion coefficients:
1,1-Difluoroethane (Refrigerant 152a):
Difluoromethane (Refrigerant 32):
Diiodomethane:
Diisobutylamine:
Diisopropylamine:
Diisopropylether:
Dimensional analysis:
Dimensionless groups:
Dimethylacetylene:
Dimethylamine:
Dimethylaniline:
2,2-Dimethylbutane:
2,3-Dimethylbutane:
1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane:
Dimethylether:
Dimethylketone:
2,2-Dimethylpropane (neopentane):
Dimethylsulfide:
Dimpled surfaces, heat exchangers with,
1,4-Dioxane:
Diphenyl:
Diphenylamine:
Diphenylether:
Diphenylmethane:
Dipropyl ether:
Diisopropyl ether:
Dipropyl ketone:
Direct contact heat exchangers
Direct contact heat transfer,
Direct numerical simulation, of turbulence,
Dirichlet boundary condition, finite difference method,
Dished heads:
Discretization in numerical analysis:
Disk-and-doughnut baffled heat exchangers,
Disks, free convective heat transfer from inclined,
Dispersants, for fouling control,
Dispersed flow (liquid-liquid),
Dissipation of turbulent energy,
Distillation:
Distribution:
Dittus-Boelter equation, for single-phase forced convective heat transfer,
Dividing flow, loss coefficients in,
Dodecane:
1-Dodecene:
Donohue method, for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Double-pipe heat exchangers:
Double segmental baffled heat exchangers,
Downward facing surfaces, free convective heat transfer from,
Downward flow in vertical tubes, flow patterns in gas/liquid,
Dowtherm A:
Dowtherm J:
Dowtherms, as heat transfer media,
Drag coefficient:
Drag force:
Drag reduction,
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Non-Newtonian Fluids
Introduction
applications of,
by surface modification,
effect on heat transfer,
percentage drag reduction, definition,
with microbubbles,
with multiphase flows
with polymers
with surfactants
Drainage, of condensate,
Dreitser, G,
Drift flux model for two-phase flows,
Drogemuller, P,
Droplets:
Dropwise condensation
Dry wall desuperheating (in condensation),
Dryers:
Drying loft,
Drying rates, prediction of,
Dryout:
Ducts, single-phase fluid flow and pressure drop in,
Duplex stainless steels,
Durand correlation for heterogeneous conveyance in solid/liquid flow,
Dynamically stable foam,
Dyphyl, heat transfer media,
Dzyubenko, B,
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000150
2.2 SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW
2.2.8 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Robert C. Armstrong and B. K. Rao
A. Introduction
(by R. C. Armstrong)
Many fluids do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity; these materials are commonly grouped together under the broad heading of non-Newtonian fluids. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include polymer solutions and melts, paints, soaps, biological fluids, greases, pastes, and suspensions. The field of study that is aimed at understanding the deformation and flow behavior of these substances is known as rheology. Because they make up the most commonly encountered subgroup of non-Newtonian materials, polymers will be emphasized in this section.
There are many simple experiments that can serve to illustrate the often dramatic differences in behavior between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. If, for example, the "viscosity" of a polymer solution were determined in a falling-ball viscometer and in a tube flow experiment, different results might be obtained. If a rotating shaft is inserted into a beaker of polymeric fluid, the polymer "climbs" the rod. Polymer extruded through a circular orifice may swell to a diameter several times that of the hole. If a filament of molten polymer is suddenly stretched and then released, it will snap back nearly to its original length (Bird et al., 1977).
Because of the very high viscosities exhibited by most concentrated polymer solutions and melts, the flow of these fluids is laminar in most applications, and laminar flow will be the primary focus of this section. In Section B, experimental methods for characterizing non-Newtonian fluids are described. Section C then presents models for describing these properties, and Section D gives examples to illustrate the calculation of quantities of engineering importance. In Section E, turbulent tube flow of non-Newtonian fluids is discussed.
B. Experimental characterization of non-Newtonian fluids
(by R. C. Armstrong)
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