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Taborek, J, xlv-lvi
Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows,
Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures,
Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method,
Taylor series expansion,
Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement:
TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association):
Temperature distribution:
Tenders for heat exchangers,
Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization,
Testing and inspection of heat exchangers:
Tetrabromomethane:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane:
Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetradecane:
Tetradecene:
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112):
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a):
Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14):
Tetrahydrofuran:
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
Thermal conductivity:
Thermal contact conductance (TCC),
Thermal contact resistance (TCR),
Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers
Thermal diffusivity:
Thermal expansion coefficient:
Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers,
Thermal stress:
Thermocal, heat transfer media,
Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration,
Thermodynamic properties:
Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer,
Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling,
Thermofluids, heat transfer medium,
Thermosiphon
Theta-NTU method:
Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature),
Thin-wall-type expansion bellows,
Thiophene:
Thome, J R
Three-phase flows:
Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Titanium and titanium alloys,
T-junctions, loss coefficients in,
Tolerances
Toluene:
m-Toluidine:
Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating,
Tooth, A S,
Total emissivity in gases,
Transcendental equations in transient conduction,
Transient behavior:
Transition boiling:
Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in,
Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection,
Transmission of thermal radiation in solids:
Transmissivity of solids:
Transport properties:
Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in,
Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer,
Triangular duct:
Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers,
Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow,
Tribromomethane:
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a):
Trichloroethylene:
Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11)
Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20):
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113):
Tridecane:
Tridecene:
Triethylamine:
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a):
Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23):
Trimethylamine:
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene:
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene:
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene:
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane):
Triphenylmethane:
Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid),
True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers,
Truelove, J S,
Tsotsas, E
Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers,
Tube banks, finned:
Tube banks, plain:
Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in,
Tube bundles:
Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube inserts, heat exchangers with,
Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of,
Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tubes:
Tucker, R J,
Tunnel dryer,
Turbine exhaust condensers:
Turbines, lost work in
Turbulence:
Turbulent boundary layers:
Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration,
Turbulent energy, integral equation for,
Turbulent flow:
combined free and forced convective heat transfer in channels in
conservation equations for,
fundamentals of,
heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in,
in boundary layers,
in circular pipes,
in noncircular pipes,
modeling of,
of non-Newtonian fluids,
relaminarization in,
single-phase heat transfer in ducts in,
Turnarounds, in heat exchangers,
Turner, C W,
Twisted tapes:
Twisted tube heat exchangers,
Twisted tubes
Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers,
Two-phase loop with capillary pump,
Two-phase flows:
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
Taborek, J, xlv-lvi
Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows,
Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures,
Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method,
Taylor series expansion,
Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement:
TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association):
Temperature distribution:
Tenders for heat exchangers,
Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization,
Testing and inspection of heat exchangers:
Tetrabromomethane:
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane:
Tetrachloroethylene:
Tetradecane:
Tetradecene:
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112):
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a):
Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14):
Tetrahydrofuran:
1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene:
Thermal conductivity:
Thermal contact conductance (TCC),
Thermal contact resistance (TCR),
Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers
Thermal diffusivity:
Thermal expansion coefficient:
Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers,
Thermal stress:
Thermocal, heat transfer media,
Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration,
Thermodynamic properties:
Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer,
Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling,
Thermofluids, heat transfer medium,
Thermosiphon
Theta-NTU method:
Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature),
Thin-wall-type expansion bellows,
Thiophene:
Thome, J R
Three-phase flows:
Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Titanium and titanium alloys,
T-junctions, loss coefficients in,
Tolerances
Toluene:
m-Toluidine:
Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating,
Tooth, A S,
Total emissivity in gases,
Transcendental equations in transient conduction,
Transient behavior:
Transition boiling:
Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in,
Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection,
Transmission of thermal radiation in solids:
Transmissivity of solids:
Transport properties:
Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in,
Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer,
Triangular duct:
Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers,
Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow,
Tribromomethane:
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a):
Trichloroethylene:
Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11)
Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20):
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113):
Tridecane:
Tridecene:
Triethylamine:
1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a):
Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23):
Trimethylamine:
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene:
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene:
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene:
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane):
Triphenylmethane:
Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid),
True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers,
Truelove, J S,
Tsotsas, E
Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers,
Tube banks, finned:
Tube banks, plain:
Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in,
Tube bundles:
Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube inserts, heat exchangers with,
Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of,
Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers:
Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Tubes:
Tucker, R J,
Tunnel dryer,
Turbine exhaust condensers:
Turbines, lost work in
Turbulence:
Turbulent boundary layers:
Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration,
Turbulent energy, integral equation for,
Turbulent flow:
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
combined free and forced convective heat transfer in channels in
conservation equations for,
fundamentals of,
heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in,
in boundary layers,
in circular pipes,
in noncircular pipes,
modeling of,
of non-Newtonian fluids,
relaminarization in,
single-phase heat transfer in ducts in,
Turnarounds, in heat exchangers,
Turner, C W,
Twisted tapes:
Twisted tube heat exchangers,
Twisted tubes
Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers,
Two-phase loop with capillary pump,
Two-phase flows:
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000150
2.2 SINGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW
2.2.8 Non-Newtonian Fluids
Robert C. Armstrong and B. K. Rao
A. Introduction
(by R. C. Armstrong)
Many fluids do not obey Newton’s law of viscosity; these materials are commonly grouped together under the broad heading of non-Newtonian fluids. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include polymer solutions and melts, paints, soaps, biological fluids, greases, pastes, and suspensions. The field of study that is aimed at understanding the deformation and flow behavior of these substances is known as rheology. Because they make up the most commonly encountered subgroup of non-Newtonian materials, polymers will be emphasized in this section.
There are many simple experiments that can serve to illustrate the often dramatic differences in behavior between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. If, for example, the "viscosity" of a polymer solution were determined in a falling-ball viscometer and in a tube flow experiment, different results might be obtained. If a rotating shaft is inserted into a beaker of polymeric fluid, the polymer "climbs" the rod. Polymer extruded through a circular orifice may swell to a diameter several times that of the hole. If a filament of molten polymer is suddenly stretched and then released, it will snap back nearly to its original length (Bird et al., 1977).
Because of the very high viscosities exhibited by most concentrated polymer solutions and melts, the flow of these fluids is laminar in most applications, and laminar flow will be the primary focus of this section. In Section B, experimental methods for characterizing non-Newtonian fluids are described. Section C then presents models for describing these properties, and Section D gives examples to illustrate the calculation of quantities of engineering importance. In Section E, turbulent tube flow of non-Newtonian fluids is discussed.
B. Experimental characterization of non-Newtonian fluids
(by R. C. Armstrong)
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