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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in, free convective heat transfer from outside, hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Solid-Gas Flow
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

Index

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in, free convective heat transfer from outside, hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Solid-Gas Flow
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Vertical pipes: pneumatic conveyance in,
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Solid-Gas Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000155

2.3.3 Solid-gas flow

M. Weber and W. Stegmaier

A. Principle of pneumatic conveyance

Pneumatic conveyance is of great importance for the transport of grained and powdered materials, especially for short distances and in connection with heat exchange and mass transfer processes.

The physical principles involved are, however, very numerous. For this reason, only a few aspects of the phenomena will be treated here. A more exhaustive treatment of this principle of conveyance may be found in certain basic books (Brauer, 1971; Weber, 1974; Boothroyd, 1971; Soo, 1967; Zenz and Othmer, 1960; Leva, 1959).

(a) Pneumatic conveyance in vertical pipes

The principle of pneumatic conveyance may best be explained by referring to Figure 1 for the case of vertically upward movement. The weight of a solid particle FW and its inertial force Ms d υs /dt have to be compensated by the drag force FD and the force due to the pressure gradient Vs dp /dl, which are both opposite to the flow direction of the particle. To bring this about, the velocity of the fluid medium υg has to be greater than the free-fall velocity of the solid particle wso.

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