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A B C D E F G H I J K L M
McNaught, J M, Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, Mach number, Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling, Maddox, R N Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation, Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems, Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for, Marlotherm, heat transfer media, Martensitic stainless steels, Martin, H Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection, Martinelli and Nelson correlations: Mass absorption coefficient, Mass extinction coefficient, Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures, Mass scattering coefficient, Mass transfer: Mass transfer coefficient: Materials of construction, for heat exchangers, Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for, Matovosian, Robert, Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer, Maximum drag reduction Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers) Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid, Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion, Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation, Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer: Mean phase content, Mean temperature difference: Measurement of fouling resistance, Mechanical design of heat exchangers: Mechanical draft cooling towers, Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445, Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration, Mediatherm, heat transfer medium, Melo, L F, Melting, thermal conduction in, Melting point: Mercury: Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes, Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design, Mertz, R, Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection: Metals: Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for, Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, Methane: Methanol: Methyl acetate: Methylacetylene: Methyl acrylate: Methyl amine n-Methylaniline: Methyl benzoate: 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene): 2-Methylbutane (isopentane): Methylbutanoate: 2-Methyl-2-butene: Methylcyclohexane: Methylcyclopentane: Methylethylketone: Methyl formate: Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of, Methyl fluorate: 2-Methylhexane: Methylisobutylketone: Methylmercaptan: 1-Methylnaphthalene: 2-Methylnaphthalene: 2-Methylpentane: 3-Methylpentane: 2-Methylpropane (isobutane): 2-Methylpropene: Methyl propionate: Methylpropylether: Methylpropyl ketone: Methyl salicylate: Methyl-t-butyl ether: Microbubbles, for drag reduction, Microchannels (see also microfluidics) Micro-fin tubes: Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in, Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion, Miller, C J Miller, E R Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for, Minimum fluidization velocity, Minimum heat flux in pool boiling: Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Minimum velocity for fluidization, Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures, Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer, Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from, Mishkinis, D, Mist flow: Mitigation of fouling, Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for, Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers, Mixing length, in turbulent flow, Mixtures: Modelling, of fouling: Models, theory of, Modulus of elasticity: Moffat, R S M, Molecular gas radiation properties, Molecular weight: Mollier chart, for humid air, Momentum equation: Monitoring, on line, of fouling, Monochloroacetic acid: Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer, Moody chart: Morris, M Mostinski correlations: Moving bed, heat transfer to, Muchowski, E, Mueller, A C Muller-Steinhagen, H Multicomponent mixtures: Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in, Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop: Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers, Multiple effect evaporation, Multiple hairpin heat exchanger, Multistage flash evaporation (MSF) Multizone model, for furnaces,
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Liquid-Liquid Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000157

2.3 MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
2.3.5 Liquid-liquid two-phase flow

A. General description of liquid-liquid flows: Flow patterns

Flows of mixtures of two immiscible liquids are encountered frequently in the design of industrial processes and equipment. The two liquids are almost exclusively an aqueous phase (water) and an organic (oil) phase. Gas-liquid systems actually represent a very particular extreme of two-fluid systems characterized by low-density ratio and low viscosity ratio. In liquid-liquid systems the density contrast between the phases is low. However, the oil phase may be lighter or heavier than the aqueous phase. Hence, the viscosity ratio between the lighter and heavier liquids ranges between more than a million to less than 10–6. Oils and oil-water emulsions may show a Newtonian or non-Newtonian rheological behavior (Sherman, 1968 and Schramm, 1992). Therefore, the various concepts and results experienced in gas-liquid two-phase flows cannot be readily translated to liquid-liquid systems.

(a) Flow patterns in horizontal tubes

Diverse flow patterns were observed in liquid-liquid systems (Russell and Charles, 1959; Russell et al., 1959; Charles et al., 1961a; Charles et al., 1961b; Guzhov and Medvedev, 1971; Guzhov et al., 1973; Guzhov et al., 1974; Soot, 1971; Malinowsky, 1975; Laflin and Oglesby, 1976; Oglesby, 1979; Scott, 1985; Arirachakaran et al., 1989; Cox, 1986; Valle and Utvik, 1997; Valle and Kvandal, 1995; Trallero, 1995; Angeli, 1996; Tabeling et al., 1991; Nädler, 1995; Mewes et al., 1997; Andreini et al., 1997; Hapanowicz et al., 1997). These may be classified into four basic prototypes:

  1. Stratified layers with either smooth or wavy interface.

  2. Large slugs, elongated or spherical, of one liquid in the other.

  3. A dispersion of relatively fine drops of one liquid in the other.

  4. Annular flow, where one of the liquids forms the core and the other liquid flows in the annulus.

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