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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in,
Liquid-Liquid Flow
free convective heat transfer from outside, hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

Index

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in,
Liquid-Liquid Flow
free convective heat transfer from outside, hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Vertical pipes: flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in,
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Liquid-Liquid Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000157

2.3 MULTIPHASE FLUID FLOW AND PRESSURE DROP
2.3.5 Liquid-liquid two-phase flow

Neima Brauner

A. General description of liquid-liquid flows: Flow patterns

Flows of mixtures of two immiscible liquids are encountered frequently in the design of industrial processes and equipment. The two liquids are almost exclusively an aqueous phase (water) and an organic (oil) phase. Gas-liquid systems actually represent a very particular extreme of two-fluid systems characterized by low-density ratio and low viscosity ratio. In liquid-liquid systems the density contrast between the phases is low. However, the oil phase may be lighter or heavier than the aqueous phase. Hence, the viscosity ratio between the lighter and heavier liquids ranges between more than a million to less than 10–6. Oils and oil-water emulsions may show a Newtonian or non-Newtonian rheological behavior (Sherman, 1968 and Schramm, 1992). Therefore, the various concepts and results experienced in gas-liquid two-phase flows cannot be readily translated to liquid-liquid systems.

(a) Flow patterns in horizontal tubes

Diverse flow patterns were observed in liquid-liquid systems (Russell and Charles, 1959; Russell et al., 1959; Charles et al., 1961a; Charles et al., 1961b; Guzhov and Medvedev, 1971; Guzhov et al., 1973; Guzhov et al., 1974; Soot, 1971; Malinowsky, 1975; Laflin and Oglesby, 1976; Oglesby, 1979; Scott, 1985; Arirachakaran et al., 1989; Cox, 1986; Valle and Utvik, 1997; Valle and Kvandal, 1995; Trallero, 1995; Angeli, 1996; Tabeling et al., 1991; Nädler, 1995; Mewes et al., 1997; Andreini et al., 1997; Hapanowicz et al., 1997). These may be classified into four basic prototypes:

  1. Stratified layers with either smooth or wavy interface.

  2. Large slugs, elongated or spherical, of one liquid in the other.

  3. A dispersion of relatively fine drops of one liquid in the other.

  4. Annular flow, where one of the liquids forms the core and the other liquid flows in the annulus.

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