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Index

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M
McNaught, J M, Macdonald equation, for fixed-bed pressure drop, Mach number, Macleod-Sugden method for surface tension Macrolayer consumption model for critical heat flux in pool boiling, Maddox, R N Magnetic fields, effect on properties of rheologically complex materials, Magnetic devices, for fouling mitigation, Magnetohydrodynamcs, inaugmentation of heat transfer in microfluidic systems, Margarine manufacture, crystallization of edible oils and fats in, scraped surface heat exchangers for, Marlotherm, heat transfer media, Martensitic stainless steels, Martin, H Martinelli and Boelter equations for combined free and forced convection, Martinelli and Nelson correlations: Mass absorption coefficient, Mass extinction coefficient, Mass fraction, in multicomponent mixtures, Mass scattering coefficient, Mass transfer: Mass transfer coefficient: Materials of construction, for heat exchangers, Low temperature operation, ASME VIII code guidelines for, Matovosian, Robert, Matrix inversion techniques, in radiative heat transfer, Maximum drag reduction Maximum velocities (in shell-and-tube heat exchangers) Maxwell model, for non-Newtonian fluid, Maxwell-Stefan equations, for multicomponent diffusion, Maxwell's equations, for electromagnetic radiation, Mean beam length concept, in radiative heat transfer: Mean phase content, Mean temperature difference: Measurement of fouling resistance, Mechanical design of heat exchangers: Mechanical draft cooling towers, Mechanical loads, specifications in EN13445, Mechanical vapour compression cycles in refrigeration, Mediatherm, heat transfer medium, Melo, L F, Melting, thermal conduction in, Melting point: Mercury: Merilo correlation, for critical heat flux in horizontal tubes, Merkel's equation, in cooling tower design, Mertz, R, Metais and Eckert diagrams, for regimes of convection: Metals: Metallurgical industry, kilns and furnaces for, Metastable equilibrium, of vapor and liquid, Methane: Methanol: Methyl acetate: Methylacetylene: Methyl acrylate: Methyl amine n-Methylaniline: Methyl benzoate: 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene (Isoprene): 2-Methylbutane (isopentane): Methylbutanoate: 2-Methyl-2-butene: Methylcyclohexane: Methylcyclopentane: Methylethylketone: Methyl formate: Metallurgical slag, use of submerged combustion in reprocessing of, Methyl fluorate: 2-Methylhexane: Methylisobutylketone: Methylmercaptan: 1-Methylnaphthalene: 2-Methylnaphthalene: 2-Methylpentane: 3-Methylpentane: 2-Methylpropane (isobutane): 2-Methylpropene: Methyl propionate: Methylpropylether: Methylpropyl ketone: Methyl salicylate: Methyl-t-butyl ether: Microbubbles, for drag reduction, Microchannels (see also microfluidics) Micro-fin tubes: Microfluidics, enhancement of heat transfer in, Mie scattering, in pulverized coal combustion, Miller, C J Miller, E R Mineral oils, as heat transfer media, physical properties of, Mineral wool production, submerged combustion systems for, Minimum fluidization velocity, Minimum heat flux in pool boiling: Minimum tubeside velocity, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Minimum velocity for fluidization, Minimum wetting rate, for binary mixtures, Mirror-image concept, in radiative heat transfer, Mirrors, spectral characteristics of reflectance from, Mishkinis, D, Mist flow: Mitigation of fouling, Mixed convection occurrence in horiozntal circular pipe, Metais and Eckert diagram for, Mixing (shell-side), in twisted tube heat exchangers, Mixing length, in turbulent flow, Mixtures: Modelling, of fouling: Models, theory of, Modulus of elasticity: Moffat, R S M, Molecular gas radiation properties, Molecular weight: Mollier chart, for humid air, Momentum equation: Monitoring, on line, of fouling, Monochloroacetic acid: Monte Carlo methods, in radiative heat transfer, Moody chart: Morris, M Mostinski correlations: Moving bed, heat transfer to, Muchowski, E, Mueller, A C Muller-Steinhagen, H Multicomponent mixtures: Multidimensional systems, heat conduction in, Multiflux methods, for radiative heat transfer in nonisothermal gases, Multipass shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Multiphase fluid flow and pressure drop: Multiple duties, in plate heat exchangers, Multiple effect evaporation, Multiple hairpin heat exchanger, Multistage flash evaporation (MSF) Multizone model, for furnaces,
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Liquid-Liquid-Gas Flow

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000158

2.3.6 Three-phase liquid-liquid-gas flow

A. General description of three-phase flows: Flow patterns

This section discusses three-phase flows comprising a gas phase and two liquid phases. More specifically, the important case of gas, oil and water is described. Such flows relate to both gas-liquid and oil-water flows since these are limiting cases of the more-general three-phase flow. However, the inclusion of the third phase leads to a further degree of freedom and the interactions between the phases, already complex in two-phase flows, become even more complex.

Two-phase, gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flows are described in Section 154 and Section 157. In this section two-phase, gas-liquid and liquid-liquid flows will only be described as necessary for the three-phase flow descriptions.

In contrast to two-phase, gas-liquid flow, where many different kinds of models and semi-empirical relations have been presented over the last 40 years, the prediction models for three-phase, gas-liquid flow are very limited in number. The early investigators predicted three phase flow by modification of the liquid properties combined with the two-phase, gas-liquid models. Based on the experimental findings reviewed by Valle (1998) this approach to describing three phase flow is not sufficient on a general basis. In this section models and modified closure relations for three phase flow will be discussed for stratified flow and the extension to more complex flow patterns will be discussed.

For horizontal and slightly inclined pipes, four distinct gas-liquid flow patterns can be defined namely: stratified, annular, slug and bubbly flow.

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