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Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies
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A B C D E F G H I
Ideal gas: Ilexan, heat transfer medium, Illingworth, A, Imbedded fins, Immersed bodies: Immersed tubes, in fluidized beds, heat transfer to, Immiscible liquids, condensation of vapors producing Impairment of heat transfer in combined free and forced convection in a vertical pipe, Imperfectly diffuse surfaces: Impingement damage in heat exchangers, Impingement plate: Impingement protection, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Impinging jets: Implicit equations, solution of Inclined enclosures, free convective heat transfer in, Inclined flow, effect of on heat transfer to cylinders,
Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies
Inclined pipes: Inclined surfaces, free convective heat transfer from, Inconel, spectral characteristics of reflectance from oxidized surface of, Induced flow instabilities, in augmentation of heat transfer, Injection: Inlet effects in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, In-line tube banks: Inorganic compounds, solutions of, as heat transfer media, Inorganic substances: Instability, parallel channel, in condensers, Insulators, thermal conductivity of, Integral condensation: Integral finned tubes: Interaction coefficients in heat exchangers, Interaction parameters for binary systems, tables, Interfacial friction, in three-phase (liquid-liquid-gas) stratified flows, Interfacial resistance, in condensation, Interfacial roughness, relationships for, in annular gas-liquid flow, Interfacial shear stress, effect on filmwise condensation, on vertical surface, Intergrannular corrosion, of Intermating troughs, as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers, Intermittent flows: Internal heat sources, temperature distribution in bodies with, Internal heat transfer coefficient, use in transient conduction calculations, Internal reboilers (in distillation columns), characteristics advantages and disadvantages of, Internally finned tubes: International codes for pressure vessels, Interpenetrating continua (as representation of heat exchangers): Intertube velocity, in tube banks, Inviscid flow, compressible, with heat addition, Iodine: Iodobenzene: Iodoethane: Iodomethane: ISO codes for mechanical design of heat exchangers, Isobutane: Isobutanol: Isobutylamine: Isobutylformate: Isobutyric acid: Isoparaffins: Isopentane: Isopentanol: Isopropanol: Isopropylacetate: Isopropylamine: Isopropylbenzene: Isopropylcyclohexane: Isothermal flow, compressible, in ducts, Isothermal gas, radiation heat transfer to walls from, Isotropic materials, elastic properties, Isotropic scattering, Italy, guide to national practice for heat exchanger mechanical design,
J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
I Inclined flow, effect of on heat transfer to cylinders,
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Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000169

2.5.2 Forced convection around immersed bodies

V. Gnielinski, A. Žukauskas, and J. V. Žiugžda

A. Smooth flat plate

When a fluid of a uniform velocity flows over a plate with a streamlined leading edge, i.e. when the leading edge is sharpened, the stream adjacent to the plate is retarded, thus forming a laminar boundary layer. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer increases with the increasing distance x from the leading edge until a critical length xcrit is reached, where a transition to a turbulent boundary layer starts. The critical length is determined by the critical Reynolds number Recrit = u xcrit /ν, where u is the free stream velocity and ν the kinematic velocity of the fluid, Recrit depends, among other factors, on the degree of turbulence of the stream (usually expressed as the ratio Tu of the rms turbulent velocity fluctuations to the free stream velocity), the fluid type and the roughness of the plate (Žukauskas, 1989). Recrit may be higher if the degree of turbulence in the stream is low, whereas much lower values have been observed when the stream has a high degree of turbulence (Figure 1). A value of Tu = 1% is typical of ordinary flow conditions, giving an Recrit value of around 5 × 105.

Figure 1 Effect of level turbulence intensity (Tu) on the critical Reynolds number (Recrit) for a plate

For a flat plate with a streamlined leading edge both types of boundary layer exist, whereas for flow over a flat plate with an obtuse-angled or blunt leading edge only a turbulent boundary layer develops starting from the leading edge. Presser (1968) has investigated the influence of the shape of the leading edge.

(a) Laminar boundary layer

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