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F-correction method: F-factor charts and equations for various heat exchanger configurations, F-factor method: F-type shells: Fabrication: Failure modes of heat exchangers, Falling films, direct contact heat transfer in, Falling film evaporator: Fanno flow, Fans in air-cooled heat exchangers: Fatigue as failure mode of a heat exchanger Fatigue life, of expansion bellows, Fawcett, R Fedor's method, for critical temperature, Fenghour, A Ferritic stainless steels, as material of construction, Fick's law for diffusion, Film boiling: Film model, condenser design by Film temperature, definition of for turbulent flow over flat plate, Films in heat exchangers, Filmwise condensation: Fincotherm, heat transfer medium, Finite-difference equations: Finite difference methods: Finite-element methods: Fins (see also Extended surfaces): Fire-tube boiler, Fired heaters, Fires, room, radiation interaction phenomena in, Firsova, E V, Fixed beds: Fixed tubesheet, shell-and-tube exchangers: Flanges, mechanical design of in heat exchangers, Flash evaporation Flat absorber of thermal radiation, Flat heads: Flat plate: Flat reflector of thermal radiation, Floating head designs for shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Flooded type evaporator, in refrigeration, Flooding phenomena: Flow distribution: Flow-induced vibration, Flow regimes: Flow stream analysis method for segmentally baffled shell and tube heat exchangers, Flue gases, fouling by, Fluid elastic instability as source of flow-induced vibration, Fluid flow, lost work in, Fluid mechanics, Eulerian formulation for, Fluid-to-particle heat transfer in fluidized beds, Fluidized bed dryer: Fluidized bed gravity conveyors, Fluidized beds: Fluids: Fluorine: Fluorobenzene: Fluoroethane (Refrigerant 161): Fluoromethane (Refrigerant 41): Fluted tubes: Flux method, for modeling radiation in furnaces, Flux relationships in heat exchangers, Fogging in condensation Food processing, fouling of heat exchangers in, Forced flow reboilers: Formaldehyde: Formamide: Formic acid: Forster and Zuber correlation for nucleate boiling, Fouling, Foam systems, heat transfer in, Four phase flows, examples, Fourier law for conduction Fourier number (Fo): Frames for plate heat exchangers, France, guide to national practice for mechanical design, Free convection: Free-fall velocity, of particles, Free-stream turbulence, effect on flow over cylinders, Freeze protection of air-cooled heat exchangers, Freezing, of condensate in condensers Fresnel relations in reflection of radiation, Fretting corrosion, Friction factor: Friction multipliers in gas-liquid flow: Friction velocity, definition, Friedel correlation for frictional pressure gradient in straight channels, Froude number: Fuels, properties of, Fuller, R K, Furan: Furfural: Furnaces: Fusion welding, of tubes into tubesheets in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
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Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000169

2.5.2 Forced convection around immersed bodies

A. Smooth flat plate

When a fluid of a uniform velocity flows over a plate with a streamlined leading edge, i.e. when the leading edge is sharpened, the stream adjacent to the plate is retarded, thus forming a laminar boundary layer. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer increases with the increasing distance x from the leading edge until a critical length xcrit is reached, where a transition to a turbulent boundary layer starts. The critical length is determined by the critical Reynolds number Recrit = uxcrit /ν, where u is the free stream velocity and ν the kinematic velocity of the fluid, Recrit depends, among other factors, on the degree of turbulence of the stream (usually expressed as the ratio Tu of the rms turbulent velocity fluctuations to the free stream velocity), the fluid type and the roughness of the plate (Žukauskas, 1989). Recrit may be higher if the degree of turbulence in the stream is low, whereas much lower values have been observed when the stream has a high degree of turbulence (Figure 1). A value of Tu = 1% is typical of ordinary flow conditions, giving an Recrit value of around 5 × 105.

Figure 1 Effect of level turbulence intensity (Tu) on the critical Reynolds number (Recrit) for a plate

For a flat plate with a streamlined leading edge both types of boundary layer exist, whereas for flow over a flat plate with an obtuse-angled or blunt leading edge only a turbulent boundary layer develops starting from the leading edge. Presser (1968) has investigated the influence of the shape of the leading edge.

(a) Laminar boundary layer

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