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Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies
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Nahme-Griffith number, Nakashima, CY Nanoparticles, for heat transfer augmentation, Naphthalene: Napthenes: National practice, in mechanical design, guide to, Natural convection: Natural draft cooling towers: Natural frequency of tube vibration in heat exchangers, Navier-Stokes equation, Neon: Neopentane: Net free area, in double-pipe heat exchangers, Netherlands, guide to national mechanical design practice, Networks, of heat exchangers, pinch analysis method for design of, Neumann boundary conditions, finite difference method, Nickel, thermal and mechanical properties Nickel alloys, Nickel steels, Niessen, R, Nitric oxide: Nitriles: Nitrobenzene: Nitro derivatives: Nitroethane: Nitrogen: Nitrogen dioxide: Nitrogen peroxide: Nitromethane: m-Nitrotoluene: Nitrous oxide Noise: Nonadecane: Nonadecene: Nonane: Nonene: Nonanol: Nonaqueous fluids, critical heat flux in, Non-circular microchannels: Noncondensables: Nondestructive testing, of heat exchangers Nongray media, interaction phenomena with, Nonmetallic materials: Non-Newtonian flow: Nonparticipating media, radiation interaction in, Nonuniform heat flux, critical heat flux with, Non-wetting surfaces, in condensation augmentation, North, C, No-tubes-in-window shells, calculation of heat transfer and pressure drop in, Nozzles: Nowell, D G, Nucleate boiling: Nuclear industry, fouling problems in, Nucleation: Nucleation sites: Nuclei, formation in supersaturated vapor, Number of transfer units (NTU): Numerical methods: Nusselt: Nusselt-Graetz problem, in laminar heat transfer in ducts, Nusselt number:
in combined and free and forced convection: around immersed bodies, definition, in free convection over immersed bodies, in laminar flow in ducts: in liquid metal flow, in non-Newtonian flows, in particle to fluid heat transfer in fixed beds, in plate heat exchangers, in single-phase flow over immersed bodies,
Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies
in systems with heat transfer augmentation, in turbulent flow in ducts:
O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
N Nusselt number: in single-phase flow over immersed bodies,
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Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000169

2.5.2 Forced convection around immersed bodies

V. Gnielinski, A. Žukauskas, and J. V. Žiugžda

A. Smooth flat plate

When a fluid of a uniform velocity flows over a plate with a streamlined leading edge, i.e. when the leading edge is sharpened, the stream adjacent to the plate is retarded, thus forming a laminar boundary layer. The thickness of the laminar boundary layer increases with the increasing distance x from the leading edge until a critical length xcrit is reached, where a transition to a turbulent boundary layer starts. The critical length is determined by the critical Reynolds number Recrit = u xcrit /ν, where u is the free stream velocity and ν the kinematic velocity of the fluid, Recrit depends, among other factors, on the degree of turbulence of the stream (usually expressed as the ratio Tu of the rms turbulent velocity fluctuations to the free stream velocity), the fluid type and the roughness of the plate (Žukauskas, 1989). Recrit may be higher if the degree of turbulence in the stream is low, whereas much lower values have been observed when the stream has a high degree of turbulence (Figure 1). A value of Tu = 1% is typical of ordinary flow conditions, giving an Recrit value of around 5 × 105.

Figure 1 Effect of level turbulence intensity (Tu) on the critical Reynolds number (Recrit) for a plate

For a flat plate with a streamlined leading edge both types of boundary layer exist, whereas for flow over a flat plate with an obtuse-angled or blunt leading edge only a turbulent boundary layer develops starting from the leading edge. Presser (1968) has investigated the influence of the shape of the leading edge.

(a) Laminar boundary layer

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