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Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
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Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies
hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
Vacuum equipment, operational problems of, Vacuum operation, of reboilers, Valle, A, Valves: Vaned bends, single-phase flow and pressure drop in, Vapor blanketing, as mechanism of critical heat flux, Vapor injection, effect of on boiling heat transfer in tube bundles, Vapor-liquid disengagement, in kettle reboilers, Vapor-liquid separation, for evaporators, Vapor mixtures, condensation of, Vapor pressure, Vapor recompression, in evaporation, Vaporization, choice of evaporator type for, Vaporizer, double bundle, constructional features, Vapors, saturation properties of, Vapors, properties of superheated, Vasiliev, L, Vassilicos, J C, Velocity defect law: Velocity distribution: Velocity fluctuations, in turbulent pipe flow, Velocity ratio (slip ratio): Venting of condensers Vertical condensers: Vertical cylindrical fired heater, Vertical pipes:
annular flow in, boiling in, bubble flow in, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in, condensation in, condensers with condensation inside, condensers with condensation outside flooding in: in gas-liquid vertical flow, flow regimes in gas-liquid flow in, flow regimes in liquid-liquid flow in, free convective heat transfer from outside,
Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies
hydraulic conveyance in, plug (or slug) flow in, supercritical heat transfer in pneumatic conveyance in,
Vertical surfaces: Vertical thermosiphon reboilers: Vessels of non-circular cross section, design to ASME VIII code, Vessels of rectangular cross section, EN13445 guidance for, Vetere method, for enthalpy of vaporisation, Vibrated beds, heat transfer to, Vibration: Vinyl acetate: Vinyl benzene: Vinyl chloride: Virial equation: Virk equation for maximum drag reduction, Visco-elastic fluids, flow of, Viscometric functions (non-Newtonian flow), methods of determining, Viscosity: Viscosity number (Vi), Viscous dissipation, influence on heat transfer in non-Newtonian flows, Viscous heat generation, in scraped sauce heat exchangers, Viscous sublayer, in duct flow, Void fraction, Voidage, in fixed beds, definition, Volumetric heat transfer coefficient, Volumetric mass transfer coefficient, von Karman friction factor equation for fully rough surface, von Karman velocity defect law, Vortex flow, in helical coils of rectangular cross section, Vortex flow model, for twisted tube heat exchangers, Vortex shedding:
W X Y Z
V Vertical pipes: free convective heat transfer from outside,
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Free Convection Around Immersed Bodies

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000174

2.5.7 Free convection around immersed bodies

S. W. Churchill

A difference in temperature between the surface of a body and the surrounding, unconfined fluid produces a gradient in density, which in turn generates fluid motion. This motion increases the rate of heat transfer between the body and the fluid over that corresponding to pure thermal conduction. The process of motion and heat transfer due to such motion is called free convection.

A difference in composition between the surface of the body and the surrounding fluid may also produce a gradient in density, hence fluid motion and enhanced transfer of species (mass transfer). Insofar as the net transfer of mass from the surface is small relative to the mass rate of flow, the rate of transfer of species can be inferred from the results herein for heat transfer. When a difference in temperature and a difference in composition both occur, the rates of heat and species transfer are affected by both differences.

Free convection may also occur as a result of other potential differences, such as surface tension and magnetic fields, but such special processes will not be considered here. Combined free and forced convection is discussed in Section 176 and Section 177.

A well established theory has been developed for free convection in the laminar boundary-layer regime. It provides a priori predictions and a fundamental structure for the correlation of experimental results. The development of computing facilities and techniques has led to numerical solutions for even a wider range of flow and conditions within the laminar regime. Even so, many problems of intrinsic and practical interest remain unresolved.

The theory of turbulent free convection is less well established. Numerical solutions based on eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat transfer are currently at a critical stage of development, and results of increasing reliability and extent are to be expected.

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