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around immersed bodies, in vertical channels,
Combined Free and Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies
Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of

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A
Absorbing media, interaction phenomena in, Absorption of thermal radiation: Absorption coefficient, Absorption spectra in gases, Absorptivity: Acentric factor: Acetaldehyde: Acetic acid: Acetic anhydride: Acetone: Acetonitrile: Acetophenone: Acetylene: Acetylenes Ackerman correction factor in condensation, Acoustic methods, for fouling mitigation, Acoustic vibration of heat exchangers, Acrolein: Acrylic acid: Active systems for augmentation of heat transfer: Additives: Adiabatic flows, compressible, in duct, Admiralty brass, Advanced models for furnaces, Agitated beds, heat transfer to, Agitated vessels, Ahmad scaling method for critical heat flux in flow boiling of nonaqueous fluids, Air: Air-activated gravity conveyor, Air-cooled heat exchangers: Air preheaters, fouling in, Albedo for single scatter in radiation, Alcohols: Aldehydes: Aldred, D L, Allyl alcohol: Allyl chloride (-chloropropane) Alternating direction (ADR) method, for solution of implicit finite difference equations, Aluminum, spectral characteristics of anodized surfaces, Aluminum alloys, thermal and mechanical properties, Aluminium brass, Ambrose-Walton corresponding states method, for vapour pressure, Amides: Amines: Ammonia: tert-Amyl alcohol: Analogy between heat and mass and momentum transfer Analytical solution of groups, for calculation of thermodynamic Anelasticity, Angled tubes, use in increasing flooding rate in reflux condensation, Aniline: Anisotropy of elastic properties, Annular distributor in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Annular ducts: Annular (radial) fins, efficiency Annular flow (gas-liquid): Annular flow (liquid-liquid), Annular flow (liquid-liquid-gas), Anti-foulants, Antoine equation, for vapour pressure, Aqueous solutions, as heat transfer media, Arc welding of tubes into tube sheets: Archimedes number, Area of tube outside surface in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Argon: Arithmetic mean temperature difference, definition, Armstrong, Robert C Aromatics: ASME VIII code, for mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Assisted convection:
around immersed bodies, in vertical channels,
Combined Free and Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies
Attachment, of fouling layers, Augmentation of heat transfer Austenitic stainless steels, Average phase velocity in multiphase flows, Axial flow reboilers, Axial wire attachments, for augmentation of condensation, Azeotropes, condensation of
B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A Assisted convection: in vertical channels,
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Combined Free and Forced Convection Around Immersed Bodies

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000176

2.5.9 Combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies

S. W. Churchill

Heat transfer by forced convection between a fluid and an immersed body implies a temperature difference and hence a density difference. The density difference gives rise to free convection. The effect of buoyant motion in the direction of the forced flow is to increase the velocity in the boundary layer and thereby the rate of heat transfer over that for pure forced convection. Buoyant motion in opposition to the forced motion reduces the velocity and the rate of heat transfer relative to pure forced or free convection. Also, assisting flows retard and opposing flows advance the point of separation of the boundary layer on immersed bodies. Hall and Price (1970) found that the rate of heat transfer in a turbulent free convection was at first decreased and then increased by a superimposed forced flow in the same direction. They attributed the decrease to the suppression of turbulence. In view of these complexities, it is apparent that the suggestion of McAdams (1954), that the higher of the rates of heat transfer for the two pure processes be used for the combined process, can be considered only as a first-order approximation. More accurate correlating equations for various regimes are recommended below.

A. Assisting convection

(a) Thin laminar boundary-layer regime

Extensive theoretical and experimental results have been obtained for aiding free and forced convection in the laminar boundary-layer regime, and many expressions have been proposed for their correlation, generally in the form

\[\label{eq1} \mbox{Nu}^{n}=\mbox{Nu}^{n}_{F}+\mbox{Nu}^{n}_{N}\tag{1}\]

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