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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Lamella heat exchangers, Laminar flow:
in circular pipes, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in
Combined Free and Forced Convection in Passages in horizontal pipes, in vertical pipes,
condensation in vertical surfaces, in ducts, characteristic of plate fin heat exchangers, heat transfer in ducts in heat transfer in free convection on a vertical surface in, in cross flow, in longitudinal flow, in noncircular pipes,
Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, Lancaster, J F, Langelier index for water quality, Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, Laws for turbulent flows: Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, Lebedev, M E, Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, L-footed fins, Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, Lift force: Liley, P E, Limb, D, Limpet coils: Linnhoff, B, Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, Liquid fluidized beds, Liquid fuels, properties of, Liquid hold-up, Liquid-liquid-gas flow, Liquid-liquid flow, Liquid metals: Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Liquids: Lister, D H, Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, Lockhart and Martinelli correlations: Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), Logarithmic law region, Logarithmic mean temperature difference Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, Long-tube vertical evaporator, Loss coefficient, Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, Low-alloy steels: Low-finned tubes: Low-nickel steels, Lubricants, physical properties: Lucas methods

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L
Lamella heat exchangers, Laminar flow:
in circular pipes, combined free and forced convective heat transfer in
Combined Free and Forced Convection in Passages in horizontal pipes, in vertical pipes,
condensation in vertical surfaces, in ducts, characteristic of plate fin heat exchangers, heat transfer in ducts in heat transfer in free convection on a vertical surface in, in cross flow, in longitudinal flow, in noncircular pipes,
Laminar flow control, of boundary layers, Lancaster, J F, Langelier index for water quality, Large eddy simulation, in prediction of turbulent boundary layers, Laws for turbulent flows: Layers of fluid, free convection heat transfer in, Le Fevre equations for free convective heat transfer, Leakage between streams, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Leakage effects, on heat transfer and pressure drop in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Leaks, in heat exchanger, sealing by explosive welding, Lebedev, M E, Lee and Kesler equation, for vapour pressure, L-footed fins, Lessing rings, characteristic of, as packings for fixed beds, Li equation, for critical temperature of mixtures, Lienhard and Dhir analysis of critical heat flux in pool boiling, Lienhard and Eichhorn criterion, for transition in critical heat flux mechanism in crossflow over single tube, Lift force: Liley, P E, Limb, D, Limpet coils: Linnhoff, B, Liquefaction, exergy analysis of, Liquid fluidized beds, Liquid fuels, properties of, Liquid hold-up, Liquid-liquid-gas flow, Liquid-liquid flow, Liquid metals: Liquid sheets, in direct contact heat transfer, Liquid-solid interfaces, fouling at, Liquids: Lister, D H, Local conditions hypothesis, for critical heat flux in flow boiling, Lockhart and Martinelli correlations: Lodge's rubberlike liquid (non-Newtonian), Logarithmic law region, Logarithmic mean temperature difference Longitudinal flow and heat transfer in tube banks, Long-tube vertical evaporator, Loss coefficient, Lost work in unit operations/exergy analysis, Louvered fins, in plate fin exchangers, Low-alloy steels: Low-finned tubes: Low-nickel steels, Lubricants, physical properties: Lucas methods
M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
L Laminar flow: combined free and forced convective heat transfer in
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Combined Free and Forced Convection in Passages

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000177

2.5.10 Combined free and forced convection in passages

J. D. Jackson

General introduction

The term “combined forced and free convection” is used to describe the process of heat transfer in fluids where the flow field is modified significantly by the action of non-uniformity of gravitational body force as a consequence of the temperature dependence of fluid density. The influence of free convection is usually thought of in terms of the concept of fluid buoyancy. Another term commonly used to describe heat transfer under such conditions is “mixed convection”.

The effectiveness of heat transfer by forced convection as characterised by the Nusselt number NuF depends on Reynolds number and Prandtl number. In the case of free convection the corresponding parameter NuN depends on Grashof number and Prandtl number. Thus, for combined free and forced it is not surprising that Nusselt number depends on Reynolds number, Grashof number and Prandtl number.

In the early studies of convective heat transfer the forced and free convection modes were considered independently with only passing reference being made to any possible interaction between them. When combined free and forced convection did eventually begin to be investigated, attention was at first restricted to laminar and transitional flows. Later, it became clear that measurable influences of free convection could also be present in turbulent flows and that in some circumstances they were a dominant factor in determining the effectiveness of heat transfer under such conditions.

In the following review of combined free and forced convection in passages, attention is focussed on heat transfer in vertical and horizontal pipes. Clearly, the orientation of the pipe is an important parameter under conditions of buoyancy-influenced convective heat transfer. In the vertical case, the flow can be either aided by buoyancy (upward flow in a pipe with heating/ downward flow with cooling) or opposed by buoyancy (downward flow in a pipe with heating/upward flow with cooling). In the horizontal case buoyancy causes secondary, transverse motion to be superimposed on the axial flow. If a horizontal pipe is heated, the fluid tends to have an upward component of velocity over the sides and a downward component in the central region and the secondary flow pattern takes the form of two counterrotating vortices. Cooling, rather than heating, produces similar buoyancy-induced secondary circulation but with rotation in the opposite sense.

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