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Packaged units, specification of, Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, Packings, for cooling towers Packings, for fixed beds: Packinox heat exchanger, Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, Palen, J W Panchal, C B, Paraffins, normal and isonormal: Paraldehyde: Parallel channel instability, in condensers, Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, Participating media, radiation interaction in, Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, Particle emissivity, Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, Particles: Particulate fluidization, Particulate fouling, Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Passes, tube side, Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for: PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, Peacock, D K, Pearson number, Peclet number Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120): Pentadecane: Pentadecene: Pentadiene 1, 2: Pentadiene 1, trans 3: Pentadiene 1, 4: Pentadiene 2-3: Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125) Pentamethylbenzene: Pentane: Pentanoic acid: 1-Pentanol: 1-Pentene: cis-2-Pentene: trans-2-Pentene: Pentylacetate: Pentylbenzene: Pentylcyclohexane: Pentylcyclopentane: Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, Periodic operation, of regenerator, Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer, Phase change number, Phase equilibrium: Phase inversion Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, Phenol: Phenols: Phenylhydrazine: Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, Phosgene: Physical properties: Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, Pioro, I L Pioro, LS, Pipe leads, Piperidine: Pipes, circular: Pipes, noncircular: Piping components: Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, Planck's constant, Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, Plastic deformation Plate fin heat exchangers
Types of interface between streams Introduction approximate volumetric heat transfer coefficients for, augmentation of condensation in,
Condensation Enhancement
calculation procedure for a rating problem, correlation of heat transfer and friction data for, definition of geometric terms for, description of, fouling in, goodness factor comparisons for, laminar flow surfaces, mechanical design, multifluid service in, pressure drop calculation in, procedures for the thermal sizing problems in, recent theory and data on vaporization and condensation in, specifications of, specifications of sizing and rating problems in, surface geometries for, surface performance data for,
Plate fins, efficiency, Plate heat exchangers: Plate evaporator Plates: Plug flow: Plug flow model, for furnaces, Pneumatic conveyance, Pneumatic conveying dryer, P-NTU method: Polarization, of thermal radiation, Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, Polymers: Pool boiling, Porous surfaces: Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Portable fouling unit, Poskas, P, Postdryout heat transfer: Powders: Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), Power plant: Prandtl number Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, Pressure coefficient: Pressure control of condensers, Pressure drop: Pressure gradient: Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, Pressure testing, Pressure vessels, principle codes for, Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, Printed circuit heat exchanger, Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, Process heaters: Progressive plastic deformation Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, Promoters, in dropwise condensation, Propadiene: Propane: 1-Propanol: 2-Propanol: Propeller agitator, Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid: Propionic anhydride: Proprionitrile: Propyl acetate: Propylamine: Propylbenzene: Propylcyclohexane: Propylcyclopentane: Propylene: 1,3-Propylene glycol: Propylene oxide: Propyl formate: Propyl propionate: Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudocritical pressure, Pseudocritical tempertaure, Pugh, S F Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler, Pumping, lost work in, Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, Pyridine:

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Packaged units, specification of, Packing characteristic, in cooling towers, Packings, for cooling towers Packings, for fixed beds: Packinox heat exchanger, Paints, spectral characteristics of reflectance of surfaces treated with, Palen, J W Panchal, C B, Paraffins, normal and isonormal: Paraldehyde: Parallel channel instability, in condensers, Partial boiling in subcooled forced convective heat transfer, Participating media, radiation interaction in, Particle convective component, in heat transfer from fluidized beds, Particle emissivity, Particle Reynolds number in fixed beds, Particles: Particulate fluidization, Particulate fouling, Pass arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Passes, tube side, Passive methods, for augmentation of heat transfer, passive systems for: PD5500 mechanical design of shell-and-tube heat exchangers to, Peacock, D K, Pearson number, Peclet number Peng-Robinson equation of state, application to hydrocarbons, Penner's rule, in absorption of radiation by gases, Pentachloroethane (Refrigerant 120): Pentadecane: Pentadecene: Pentadiene 1, 2: Pentadiene 1, trans 3: Pentadiene 1, 4: Pentadiene 2-3: Pentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 125) Pentamethylbenzene: Pentane: Pentanoic acid: 1-Pentanol: 1-Pentene: cis-2-Pentene: trans-2-Pentene: Pentylacetate: Pentylbenzene: Pentylcyclohexane: Pentylcyclopentane: Pentylcyclopropane, liquid properties, Perforated fins, in plate fin heat exchangers, Perforated plates, loss coefficients in, Periodic operation, of regenerator, Periodic variations in temperature, thermal conduction in bodies with, PFR correlation, for heat transfer in high fin tube banks, Pharmaceutical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Phase change materials, in augmentation of heat transfer, Phase change number, Phase equilibrium: Phase inversion Phase separation, as source of corrosion problems, Phenol: Phenols: Phenylhydrazine: Phonons, in thermal conductivity of solids, Phosgene: Physical properties: Pi theorum, in dimensional analysis, Pinch analysis, for heat exchanger network design, Pioro, I L Pioro, LS, Pipe leads, Piperidine: Pipes, circular: Pipes, noncircular: Piping components: Pitting corrosion, in stainless steels, Planck's constant, Planck's law, for spectral distribution of blackbody radiation, Plane shells, steady-state thermal conduction in, Plastic deformation Plate fin heat exchangers
Types of interface between streams Introduction approximate volumetric heat transfer coefficients for, augmentation of condensation in,
Condensation Enhancement
calculation procedure for a rating problem, correlation of heat transfer and friction data for, definition of geometric terms for, description of, fouling in, goodness factor comparisons for, laminar flow surfaces, mechanical design, multifluid service in, pressure drop calculation in, procedures for the thermal sizing problems in, recent theory and data on vaporization and condensation in, specifications of, specifications of sizing and rating problems in, surface geometries for, surface performance data for,
Plate fins, efficiency, Plate heat exchangers: Plate evaporator Plates: Plug flow: Plug flow model, for furnaces, Pneumatic conveyance, Pneumatic conveying dryer, P-NTU method: Polarization, of thermal radiation, Polyglycols, as heat transfer media, Polymers: Pool boiling, Porous surfaces: Port arrangements, in plate heat exchangers, Portable fouling unit, Poskas, P, Postdryout heat transfer: Powders: Power law fluid (non-Newtonian), Power plant: Prandtl number Precipitation (crystallization) fouling, Precipitation hardening, of stainless steels, Pressure coefficient: Pressure control of condensers, Pressure drop: Pressure gradient: Pressure, specification of in mechanical design to EN13445, Pressure testing, Pressure vessels, principle codes for, Pressurised water reactor, fouling in, Printed circuit heat exchanger, Problem table algorithm, in pinch analysis, Process heaters: Progressive plastic deformation Prolate spheroids, free convective heat transfer from, Promoters, in dropwise condensation, Propadiene: Propane: 1-Propanol: 2-Propanol: Propeller agitator, Property ratio method, for temperature dependent physical property Propionaldehyde: Propionic acid: Propionic anhydride: Proprionitrile: Propyl acetate: Propylamine: Propylbenzene: Propylcyclohexane: Propylcyclopentane: Propylene: 1,3-Propylene glycol: Propylene oxide: Propyl formate: Propyl propionate: Pseudo-boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudo-film boiling in supercritical fluids, Pseudocritical pressure, Pseudocritical tempertaure, Pugh, S F Pulp and paper industry, fouling of heat exchangers in, Pulsations, use in augmentation of heat transfer, Pulverized fuel water-tube boiler, Pumping, lost work in, Pushkina and Sorokin correlation, for flooding in vertical tubes, Pyramid, free convective heat transfer from, Pyridine:
Q R S T U V W X Y Z
P Plate fin heat exchangers augmentation of condensation in,
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Condensation Enhancement

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000189

2.6 CONDENSATION
2.6.6 Condensation Enhancement

Ralph L. Webb

A. Introduction

Condensation will occur on a surface whose temperature is below the vapor saturation temperature. The condensed liquid formed on the surface will exist either as a wetted film or in droplets. The condensate forms as droplets on the surface, if the condensate does not wet the surface. Although dropwise condensation yields a very high heat transfer coefficient, it cannot be permanently sustained. Dropwise condensation (see Section 188) may be promoted by liquid additives or surface coatings that inhibit surface wetting. As the surface slowly oxidizes, the surface will eventually become wetted, and the process will revert to filmwise condensation (see Section 185). Hence, filmwise condensation is currently the more important process.

This section is concerned with enhancement of condensation. Geometries include plates and tubes (horizontal and vertical). Condensation may occur either inside or outside the tube. The condensation coefficient will be increased by surface or body forces, which act on the condensate film and reduce its thickness. Without special "enhancement" effects the film thickness on a stationary surface is influenced by gravity and interfacial shear stresses. Depending on the surface orientation, interfacial shear forces may aid or impede the gravity force.

The technology of enhancement of film condensation involves the following basic phenomena: (1) Additional surface forces, such as surface tension, to locally thin the film, (2) Additional body forces, such as electric fields or centrifugal force to pull the condensate off the surface, (3) Surface roughness tomix the condensate film. The effectiveness of these possible methods depends on the magnitude and direction of the imposed force, relative to the existing interfacial shear and gravity forces. The surface orientation and vapor velocity have a significant effect on the importance of the interfacial shear and gravity forces, respectively. Because the surface orientation and the number of forces that may act on the condensate film will affect the condensation coefficient, it is appropriate to segregate the discussion of enhancement into sub-sections, which depend on the surface orientation, vapor velocity, and the imposed enhancement techniques.

Because interfacial shear force may significantly alter the condensation coefficient, we will first address enhancement "without vapor shear" effects. Then, the survey will be concluded by geometries for which significant vapor shear effects exist. Vapor shear effects are important for both condensation inside tubes and on tube bundles.

1.4, = 4.742 and = 0.0. Again, this empirical correlation does not account for probable surface tension drainage effects or fin efficiency. However, it is probably the most general of those presented. The correlation predicted 71% of the data points within ± 30%.

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