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Taborek, J, xlv-lvi Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows, Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures, Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method, Taylor series expansion, Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement: TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association): Temperature distribution: Tenders for heat exchangers, Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization, Testing and inspection of heat exchangers: Tetrabromomethane: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane: Tetrachloroethylene: Tetradecane: Tetradecene: Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112): 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a): Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14): Tetrahydrofuran: 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene: Thermal conductivity: Thermal contact conductance (TCC), Thermal contact resistance (TCR), Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Thermal diffusivity: Thermal expansion coefficient: Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers, Thermal stress: Thermocal, heat transfer media, Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration, Thermodynamic properties: Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer, Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling, Thermofluids, heat transfer medium, Thermosiphon Theta-NTU method: Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature), Thin-wall-type expansion bellows, Thiophene: Thome, J R Three-phase flows: Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Titanium and titanium alloys, T-junctions, loss coefficients in, Tolerances Toluene: m-Toluidine: Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating, Tooth, A S, Total emissivity in gases, Transcendental equations in transient conduction, Transient behavior: Transition boiling: Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in, Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection, Transmission of thermal radiation in solids: Transmissivity of solids: Transport properties: Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in, Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer, Triangular duct: Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers, Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow, Tribromomethane: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a): Trichloroethylene: Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20): 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113): Tridecane: Tridecene: Triethylamine: 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a): Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23): Trimethylamine: 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene: 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane): Triphenylmethane: Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid), True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers, Truelove, J S, Tsotsas, E Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers, Tube banks, finned: Tube banks, plain: Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in, Tube bundles: Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube inserts, heat exchangers with, Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of, Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tubes: Tucker, R J, Tunnel dryer, Turbine exhaust condensers: Turbines, lost work in Turbulence: Turbulent boundary layers: Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration, Turbulent energy, integral equation for, Turbulent flow: Turnarounds, in heat exchangers, Turner, C W, Twisted tapes:
enhancement of boiling heat transfer by, as inserts for augmentation of heat transfer, in augmentation of condensation
Condensation Enhancement
in heat exchangers,
Twisted tube heat exchangers, Twisted tubes Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Two-phase loop with capillary pump, Two-phase flows:

Index

HEDH
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
Taborek, J, xlv-lvi Taitel and Dukler flow regime map, for horizontal and inclined gas- liquid flows, Tamura et al correlation, for surface tension of mixtures, Taylor Forge method, for mechanical design of flanges, comparison with EN13445 method, Taylor series expansion, Teflon, use in heat transfer enhancement: TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association): Temperature distribution: Tenders for heat exchangers, Terminal free fall velocity, in fluidization, Testing and inspection of heat exchangers: Tetrabromomethane: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane: Tetrachloroethylene: Tetradecane: Tetradecene: Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (Refrigerant 112): 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant R134a): Tetrafluoromethane (Refrigerant 14): Tetrahydrofuran: 1,2,3,4-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene: 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene: Thermal conductivity: Thermal contact conductance (TCC), Thermal contact resistance (TCR), Thermal design, constructional features affecting, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers Thermal diffusivity: Thermal expansion coefficient: Thermal leakage in F-type shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Thermal mixing in plate heat exchangers, Thermal stress: Thermocal, heat transfer media, Thermodynamic cycles in refrigeration, Thermodynamic properties: Thermodynamic surface in radiative heat transfer, Thermoexel surface, for enhancement of boiling, Thermofluids, heat transfer medium, Thermosiphon Theta-NTU method: Thickness of boundary layers (displacement, momentum, energy, density, temperature), Thin-wall-type expansion bellows, Thiophene: Thome, J R Three-phase flows: Tie rods in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tinker method for shell-side heat transfer in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Titanium and titanium alloys, T-junctions, loss coefficients in, Tolerances Toluene: m-Toluidine: Tong F-factor method, for critical heat flux with nonuniform heating, Tooth, A S, Total emissivity in gases, Transcendental equations in transient conduction, Transient behavior: Transition boiling: Transition flow, heat transfer in free convective flow over vertical surfaces in, Transitional flow, in combined free and forced convection, Transmission of thermal radiation in solids: Transmissivity of solids: Transport properties: Transverse flow, combined free and forced convection in, Treated surfaces, for augmentation of heat transfer, Triangular duct: Triangular fins, in plate fin exchangers, Triangular relationship, in annular gas-liquid flow, Tribromomethane: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Refrigerant 140a): Trichloroethylene: Trichlorofluoromethane (Refrigerant 11) Trichloromethane (Chloroform) (Refrigerant 20): 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Refrigerant 113): Tridecane: Tridecene: Triethylamine: 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Refrigerant 143a): Trifluoromethane (Refrigerant 23): Trimethylamine: 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene: 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene: 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene: 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (Isooctane): Triphenylmethane: Triple interface (gas/solid/liquid), True temperature difference, in double pipe exchangers, Truelove, J S, Tsotsas, E Tube-baffle damage, in heat exchangers, Tube banks, finned: Tube banks, plain: Tube banks, roughened tubes, effect of roughness on Euler number in, Tube bundles: Tube counts, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube end attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube inserts, heat exchangers with, Tube-in-plate extended surface configurations, fin efficiency of, Tube plates, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers: Tube rupture in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tube-to-tubesheet attachment, in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Tubes: Tucker, R J, Tunnel dryer, Turbine exhaust condensers: Turbines, lost work in Turbulence: Turbulent boundary layers: Turbulent buffeting, as source of tube vibration, Turbulent energy, integral equation for, Turbulent flow: Turnarounds, in heat exchangers, Turner, C W, Twisted tapes:
enhancement of boiling heat transfer by, as inserts for augmentation of heat transfer, in augmentation of condensation
Condensation Enhancement
in heat exchangers,
Twisted tube heat exchangers, Twisted tubes Two-equation models, for turbulent boundary layers, Two-phase loop with capillary pump, Two-phase flows:
U V W X Y Z
T Twisted tapes: in augmentation of condensation
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Condensation Enhancement

DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000189

2.6 CONDENSATION
2.6.6 Condensation Enhancement

Ralph L. Webb

A. Introduction

Condensation will occur on a surface whose temperature is below the vapor saturation temperature. The condensed liquid formed on the surface will exist either as a wetted film or in droplets. The condensate forms as droplets on the surface, if the condensate does not wet the surface. Although dropwise condensation yields a very high heat transfer coefficient, it cannot be permanently sustained. Dropwise condensation (see Section 188) may be promoted by liquid additives or surface coatings that inhibit surface wetting. As the surface slowly oxidizes, the surface will eventually become wetted, and the process will revert to filmwise condensation (see Section 185). Hence, filmwise condensation is currently the more important process.

This section is concerned with enhancement of condensation. Geometries include plates and tubes (horizontal and vertical). Condensation may occur either inside or outside the tube. The condensation coefficient will be increased by surface or body forces, which act on the condensate film and reduce its thickness. Without special "enhancement" effects the film thickness on a stationary surface is influenced by gravity and interfacial shear stresses. Depending on the surface orientation, interfacial shear forces may aid or impede the gravity force.

The technology of enhancement of film condensation involves the following basic phenomena: (1) Additional surface forces, such as surface tension, to locally thin the film, (2) Additional body forces, such as electric fields or centrifugal force to pull the condensate off the surface, (3) Surface roughness tomix the condensate film. The effectiveness of these possible methods depends on the magnitude and direction of the imposed force, relative to the existing interfacial shear and gravity forces. The surface orientation and vapor velocity have a significant effect on the importance of the interfacial shear and gravity forces, respectively. Because the surface orientation and the number of forces that may act on the condensate film will affect the condensation coefficient, it is appropriate to segregate the discussion of enhancement into sub-sections, which depend on the surface orientation, vapor velocity, and the imposed enhancement techniques.

Because interfacial shear force may significantly alter the condensation coefficient, we will first address enhancement "without vapor shear" effects. Then, the survey will be concluded by geometries for which significant vapor shear effects exist. Vapor shear effects are important for both condensation inside tubes and on tube bundles.

1.4, = 4.742 and = 0.0. Again, this empirical correlation does not account for probable surface tension drainage effects or fin efficiency. However, it is probably the most general of those presented. The correlation predicted 71% of the data points within ± 30%.

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