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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Cabin heater,
Caetano, EF
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
CALFLO, heat transfer media,
Calorically perfect gas,
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in,
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon monoxide:
Carbon steel:
Carbon-manganese steels
Carbon-molybdenum steels,
Carbon tetrachloride:
Carbonyl sulfide:
Carboxylic acids:
Carnot cycle in refrigeration,
Carnot factor,
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian),
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds,
Cashman, B L,
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties,
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers,
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness,
Cement kilns,
CEN code for pressure vessels,
Centrifugal dryer,
Ceramics
Certification of heat exchangers,
Chan, S H,
Channel emissivity,
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature,
Chemical exergy,
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of,
Chemical reaction fouling,
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling,
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Chenoweth, J M,
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers,
Chillers, construction features of,
Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Chisholm, D
Chisholm correlations:
Chlorine:
Chloroacetic acid:
Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobutane:
Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):
Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):
Chloropentane:
1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):
1-Chloropropane:
2-Chloropropane:
m-Chlorotoluene:
o-Chlorotoluene:
Chlorotrifluoroethylene:
Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
Chudnovsky, Y,
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases,
Church and Prausnitz methods:
Churchill, S W,
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:
Churn flow, regions of occurrence of,
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial,
Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code,
Circulating fluidized beds,
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below,
CISE correlations for void fractions,
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:
Cleaning:
Climbing film evaporator,
Closed circuit cooling towers,
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds,
Coatings for corrosion protection
Cocurrent flow:
Codes, mechanical design:
Cogeneration
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation,
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks,
Colburn j factor:
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe,
Coles, law of the wake,
Collier, J G,
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:
Combined heat and mass transfer,
Combining flow, loss coefficients in,
Combustion model for furnaces,
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)
Compartment dryers,
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:
Compressed liquids, density of:
Compressible flow:
Compression, exergy analysis of
Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes,
Computer-aided design, of evaporators,
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer,
Computer simulation, of fouling,
Computer software for mechanical design,
Concentration, choice of evaporator type for,
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in,
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers,
Condensation:
Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for,
Condensation curves:
Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation,
Condensers:
Conduction, heat:
Conductors, thermal conductivity of,
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for,
Cones, vertical:
Conical shells, mechanical design of:
Conjugate radiation interactions
Connors equation for fluid elastic instability,
Conservation equations:
Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point,
Contact angle,
Contact resistance:
Continuity equation:
Continuum model, for fluids,
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids,
Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:
Control:
Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction,
Convection, interaction of radiation with,
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers,
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:
Conversion factors:
Conveyor, gravity:
Cooling curves, in condensation,
Cooling towers:
Cooling water fouling,
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling,
Cooper, Anthony,
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties,
Copper alloys,
Correlation, general nature of,
Corresponding states principle
Corrosion:
Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers
Costing of heat exchangers:
Countercurrent flow:
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction,
Cowie, R C,
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method,
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
m-Cresol:
o-Cresol:
p-Cresol:
Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels,
Critical constants
Critical density, of commonly used fluids,
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems,
Critical heat flux:
in axial flow reboilers,
in countercurrent flow,
enhancement of, in boiling in tubes,
in evaporators,
in flow in horizontal tubes,
in flow in inclined tubes,
in flow in vertical annuli,
in flow in vertical tubes,
in forced convective boiling of binary and multicomponent departure from nucleate boiling,
in kettle reboilers,
mechanisms of,
in microchannels,
with nonaqueous fluids,
in pool boiling,
in pool boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures,
in rectangular channels,
in rod bundles,
outside single tubes in crossflow,
outside tubes in tube banks,
problems in vaporizer ducts,
Critical pressure:
Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection,
Critical temperature:
Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes,
Critical volume (see also Critical density)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers,
Crossflow:
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:
Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in,
Crystallization
Crystallization fouling,
Curved ducts:
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers,
C-value method for heat exchanger costing,
Cycling, of expansion bellows,
Cyclobutane:
Cyclohexane:
Cyclohexanol:
Cyclohexene:
Cyclopentane:
Cyclopentene:
Cyclopropane:
Cylinders:
Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in,
Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in,
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
Index
HEDH
A
B
C
Cabin heater,
Caetano, EF
Calcium carbonate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
Calcium sulphate, fouling of heat exchangers by,
CALFLO, heat transfer media,
Calorically perfect gas,
CANDU Reactor, fouling problems in,
Carbon dioxide:
Carbon disulfide:
Carbon monoxide:
Carbon steel:
Carbon-manganese steels
Carbon-molybdenum steels,
Carbon tetrachloride:
Carbonyl sulfide:
Carboxylic acids:
Carnot cycle in refrigeration,
Carnot factor,
Carreau fluid (non-Newtonian),
Carryover of solids in fluidized beds,
Cashman, B L,
Cast iron, thermal and mechanical properties,
Cavitation as source of damage in heat exchangers,
Cell method, for heat exchanger effectiveness,
Cement kilns,
CEN code for pressure vessels,
Centrifugal dryer,
Ceramics
Certification of heat exchangers,
Chan, S H,
Channel emissivity,
Chapman-Rubescin formula for viscosity variation with temperature,
Chemical exergy,
Chemical formulas of commonly used fluids
Chemical industry, fouling of heat exchangers in,
Chemical reactions, exergy analysis of,
Chemical reaction fouling,
Chen correlation for forced convective boiling,
Chen method, for enthalpy of vaporisation,
Chenoweth, J M,
Chevron troughs as corrugation design in plate heat exchangers,
Chillers, construction features of,
Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Chisholm, D
Chisholm correlations:
Chlorine:
Chloroacetic acid:
Chlorobenzene:
Chlorobutane:
Chlorodifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 22)
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (Refrigerant 142b):
Chloroethane (Refrigerant 160):
Chloromethane (Refrigerant 40):
Chloropentane:
1,2-Chloropentafluoroethane (Refrigerant 115):
Chloroprene (2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene):
1-Chloropropane:
2-Chloropropane:
m-Chlorotoluene:
o-Chlorotoluene:
Chlorotrifluoroethylene:
Chlorotrifluoromethane (see Refrigerant 13)
Chromium-molybdenum steels,
Chudnovsky, Y,
Chugging flow (gas-liquid), in shell-and-tube heat exchangers,
Chung et al method, for viscosity of low pressure gases,
Church and Prausnitz methods:
Churchill, S W,
Churchill and Chu correlations for free convective heat transfer:
Churn flow, regions of occurrence of,
Circles, radiative heat transfer shape factors between parallel coaxial,
Circular girth flanges, design according to ASME VIII code,
Circulating fluidized beds,
Circulation, modes of in free convection: in enclosures heated from below,
CISE correlations for void fractions,
Clausius-Clapeyron relationship:
Cleaning:
Climbing film evaporator,
Closed circuit cooling towers,
Coalescence of bubbles in fluidized beds,
Coatings for corrosion protection
Cocurrent flow:
Codes, mechanical design:
Cogeneration
Colburn and Drew method for binary vapor condensation,
Colburn and Hougen method for condensation in presence of noncondensable gases
Colburn equation for single-phase heat transfer outside tube banks,
Colburn j factor:
Colebrook-White equation for friction factor in rough circular pipe,
Coles, law of the wake,
Collier, J G,
Combined free and forced convection heat transfer:
Combined heat and mass transfer,
Combining flow, loss coefficients in,
Combustion model for furnaces,
Compact heat exchangers (see Plate fin heat exchangers)
Compartment dryers,
Composite curves, in the pinch analysis method for heat exchanger network analysis:
Compressed liquids, density of:
Compressible flow:
Compression, exergy analysis of
Compressive stress, in heat exchanger tubes,
Computer-aided design, of evaporators,
Computer program for Monte Carlo calculations of radiative heat transfer,
Computer simulation, of fouling,
Computer software for mechanical design,
Concentration, choice of evaporator type for,
Concentric spheres, free convective heat transfer in,
Concurrency corrections in plate heat exchangers,
Condensation:
Concrete, lightweight, submerged combustion system for,
Condensation curves:
Condenser/preheater tubes, in multistage flash evaporation,
Condensers:
Conduction, heat:
Conductors, thermal conductivity of,
Cones, under internal pressure, EN13445 guidelines for,
Cones, vertical:
Conical shells, mechanical design of:
Conjugate radiation interactions
Connors equation for fluid elastic instability,
Conservation equations:
Constantinon and Gani method, for estimating normal boiling point,
Contact angle,
Contact resistance:
Continuity equation:
Continuum model, for fluids,
Continuum theories, for non-Newtonian fluids,
Contraction, sudden, pressure drop in:
Control:
Control volume method, in finite difference solutions for conduction,
Convection, interaction of radiation with,
Convection effects, on heat transfer in kettle reboilers,
Convective heat transfer, single-phase:
Conversion factors:
Conveyor, gravity:
Cooling curves, in condensation,
Cooling towers:
Cooling water fouling,
Cooper correlation, for nucleate boiling,
Cooper, Anthony,
Copper, thermal and mechanical properties,
Copper alloys,
Correlation, general nature of,
Corresponding states principle
Corrosion:
Corrugation design, for plate heat exchangers
Costing of heat exchangers:
Countercurrent flow:
Coupled thermal fields, in transient conduction,
Cowie, R C,
Crank-Nicolson differencing scheme, in finite difference method,
Creeping flow, in combined free and forced convection around immersed bodies,
m-Cresol:
o-Cresol:
p-Cresol:
Crevice corrosion, in stainless steels,
Critical constants
Critical density, of commonly used fluids,
Critical flow, in gas-liquid systems,
Critical heat flux:
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
in axial flow reboilers,
in countercurrent flow,
enhancement of, in boiling in tubes,
in evaporators,
in flow in horizontal tubes,
in flow in inclined tubes,
in flow in vertical annuli,
in flow in vertical tubes,
in forced convective boiling of binary and multicomponent departure from nucleate boiling,
in kettle reboilers,
mechanisms of,
in microchannels,
with nonaqueous fluids,
in pool boiling,
in pool boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures,
in rectangular channels,
in rod bundles,
outside single tubes in crossflow,
outside tubes in tube banks,
problems in vaporizer ducts,
Critical pressure:
Critical Rayleigh number, in free convection,
Critical temperature:
Critical velocity, in stratification in bends and horizontal tubes,
Critical volume (see also Critical density)
Cross counterflow heat exchangers,
Crossflow:
Crude oil, fouling of heat exchangers:
Cryogenic plant, entropy generation in,
Crystallization
Crystallization fouling,
Curved ducts:
Cut-and-twist factor, in enhancement of heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers,
C-value method for heat exchanger costing,
Cycling, of expansion bellows,
Cyclobutane:
Cyclohexane:
Cyclohexanol:
Cyclohexene:
Cyclopentane:
Cyclopentene:
Cyclopropane:
Cylinders:
Cylindrical contacts, thermal contact resistance in,
Cylindrical coordinates, finite difference equations for conduction in,
Cylindrical shell, analytical basis of code rules for,
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Boiling of Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures: Pool Boiling
DOI 10.1615/hedhme.a.000197
2.7 BOILING AND EVAPORATION
2.7.7 Boiling of binary and multicomponent mixtures: Pool boiling
J. G. Collier and G. F. Hewitt
The pool boiling curve is considerably altered when the fluid being evaporated is a binary mixture rather than a pure single-component liquid. The principal changes are shown diagramatically in Figure 1. First, the onset of boiling is delayed to higher wall superheats as a result of the temperature gradients set up in the pool to accommodate the corresponding gradients in liquid composition. Heat transfer coefficients in the nucleate boiling region are sharply reduced. The critical heat flux may be increased or reduced depending on the extent of the contribution from convection in the pool. The minimum heat flux and the corresponding wall superheat are increased. Finally, heat transfer rates in the film boiling region are also somewhat higher.
A. Nucleate boiling
Even small amounts of a second component cause considerable reductions in the heat transfer rate under nucleate pool boiling conditions compared with that measured for the pure liquid. The reason for this reduction can be traced back to the influence of the second component on the bubble growth rate. The minimum bubble growth rate, the minimum heat transfer coefficient, and the occurrence of a maximum critical heat flux all occur at the same liquid composition corresponding to a maximum value of |ỹ - x̃|. Starting with the early work of Bonilla and Perry (1941) and Cichelli and Bonilla (1944), many experimental studies of pool boiling of binary mixtures have been published. A good deal of useful experimental data for nucleate pool boiling of binary liquids have been presented by Sternling and Tichacek (1961). They used 14 binary systems with components ranging from water to light alcohols to heavy oils. All the mixtures had a wide boiling range, at least 90 °C. For all the systems the heat transfer coefficient for a given heat flux was less than would be expected for an "ideal" single-component fluid with the same physical properties. Extensive reviews on multicomponent pool boiling are given by Shock (1982) and Collier and Thome (1994). Here, the effects are illustrated by citing a few examples. It is helpful to define a heat transfer coefficient for nucleate pool boiling of a binary mixture as follows:
\[\label{eq1} \alpha=\dfrac{\dot{q}}{(T_{\rm{w}}-T_{\rm{bub}})}\tag{1}\]
where q̇ is the heal flux, Tw the wall temperature and Tbub the bubble point temperature. For a binary mixture, one may define an "ideal" heat transfer coefficient αid as follows:
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